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95 Cards in this Set
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
Personality shaped by unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories. |
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Libido |
Life instinct. Not just sexual desire but drives survival, growth and pleasure. Related to psychoanalytic theory. Term derived from this discipline. Also related to the death instinct. Which is the source of aggressive behaviors fueled by a wish (unconscious) to die. |
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Id |
Ruled by the pleasure principle.
Avoid pain, reduce tension, gain pleasure. No moral reasoning. Children function almost entirely in Id Fully unconscious |
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Ego |
Ruled by reality principle. Logical thinking and planning. Realistic. |
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Superego |
Inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic goals, rather than logical. Strives for higher purpose. |
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Ego defense mechanisms |
To protect the ego and cope with anxiety. Repression: Lack of recall of painful experience. Denial Reaction Formation: Expressing the opposite of what one actually feels (hating someone you are sexually attracted to) Projection: Putting your own negative thoughts onto another. Displacement: Redirecting impulses to a more socially acceptable behavior. Rationalization Regression: Reverting to an earlier, more primitive behavior. Sublimation: Channeling aggressive behavior into positive activities (like doing art) |
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Five Psychosexual Stages and Erikson's Psychosocial Stages |
Oral (Trust vs. Mistrust) - 0-1 years
Anal (Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame) - 1-3 years
Phallic (Initiative vs. Guilt) - 3-6 year
Latency (Industry vs. Inferiority) - 6-12 years
Genital (Identity vs. Role Confusion) - 12-18 years
Other Erikson Stages Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-60 years)
Integrity vs. Dispair (60+) |
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Humanist Perspective |
Carl Rogers People are inherently good. Driven by self-actualization. People not in accordance with their self concepts feel incongruence. |
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Behaviorist Perspective |
People begin as blank slates. Punishment and reinforcement sole determine personality. Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. |
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Behavioral Thereapy |
Systematic desensitization. Repeatedly showing a person a snake until they are no longer afraid. |
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Social Cognitive Perspective. |
Mixture of behavioral, cognitive and environmental factors.
Both by conditioning and by observational learning. |
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Raymond Cattell. 5 Global factors of personality. |
Global factors of personality. Extroversion Anxiety Receptivity Accommodation Self Control |
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McCrae and Costa. Five Factor Model |
Extroversion Neuroticism Oppeness to Experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness |
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Trait vs. State |
Traits are internal and unchanging. State is situational. |
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Drive Reduction Theory |
Physiological need creates an aroused state the drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior. Primary reinforcers: Behaviors that reduce drive (eating...) Secondary Reinforcers: Do not directly reduce physiological and biological drives. Money as a secondary reinforcer can buy things that would reduce physiological drives, such as buying food to reduce hunger, but there is no direct connection between a secondary reinforcer and a reduction in drive. (Weakens the strength of this theory) |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
Based of western ideals. Problematic for certain disorders (like anorexia) 1. Physiological 2. Safety 3. Love 4. Esteem 5. Self Actualization |
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Regulation of Body Temp |
Driven by hypothalamus When cold, causes vasoconstriction and shivering. When warm, causes vasodilation. |
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Hunger Drives |
controlled by hypothalamus Controls the release of ghrelin when hungry (from the stomach and pancreas) And leptin from white adipose tissue when full. |
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Panic Disorder |
Person who has panic attacks. Intense dread, shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate. Short, less than 30 minutes. |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
Feels tense or anxious about many things much of the time. Does not experience panic attacks. trouble sleeping, tension, irritability.... |
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Phobias |
Persistant, strong and unreasonable fear. Person ackoweleges this is unreasonable. Specific Phobia: Certain object or situation (like a thunderstorm) Social Phobia: Fear of being embarrassed or humiliated while watched by others. |
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PTSD |
Reference to a tramatic event. Dreams, flashbacks. Avoids cues. Outbursts, insomnia, vigilance. |
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Acute Stress Disorder |
Similar to PTSD but temporary. (Less than a month) |
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OCD |
Knows actions and thoughts are irrational. Obsessions --> thoughts vs. Compulsions --> Actions. |
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Somatoform Disorders |
Symptoms are unexplainable and do not improve with medical treatment. |
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Conversion Disorder |
Type of somatoform Loss of sensory or motor function with no discernible physiological cause. Blindness, can't move arm.... |
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Pain Disorder |
Type of somatoform. Pain with no physiological cause |
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder |
Somatoform Preoccupied with a slight physical abnormality. Defect in appearance. Inhibits their ability to function normally. |
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Hypochondriasis |
Somatoform Fears of having a severe illness. |
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Schizophrenia |
Out of touch with reality and suffers impairment in normal functioning. Does Not mean that this individual has multiple personalities. Genetic disposition but brought on by environmental factors. Twins have 50% of having it (if one of them has it) |
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Positive vs. Negative Symptoms of Psychosis |
Postitive. Someting has been added (delusions, hallucinations...) Negative. Reduced or absent emotional expressions. |
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Paranoid-Type Schizophrenia |
Mostly positive symptoms. Hallucinations, delusions.
Disorganized speech, and catatonic behavior not typically prevalent. |
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Hallucination vs. Delusion |
Hallucination: Sensory perception Delusion: False belief |
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Disorganized-Type Schizophrenia |
Mostly negative symptoms. Taking off clothes in public, laughing for no reason. |
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Catatonic-Type Schizophrenia |
Catatonic behavior. Motor activity can be either extremely retarded or extremely hyperactive. Repetition of words or actions.... |
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Undifferentiated Schizophrenia |
Does not fit into a specific type. |
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Residual Schizophrenia |
Acute phase has resolved but some bizarre symptoms are still present. |
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Other Schizophrenia-like disorders |
Schizophreniform Disorder - 1 to 6 months. Schizoaffective Disorder - Combines both schizo and depressive symptoms. |
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Affect |
A person's visible emotion |
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Major Depressive Disorder |
One or more depressive episodes. Depressed mood, decreased interest, suicidal thoughts.... |
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Dysthymic Disorder |
Less intense chronic form of depression. No major depressive episodes |
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Bipolar Disorder |
Extreme cyclic mood episodes. Bipolar I is more severe than Bipolar II disorder. |
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Manic Episode |
Feelings of euphoria, delusions, high energy, poor judgement.... Hypomaniac episodes are less severe. |
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Cyclothymic Disorder |
Similar to bipolarism but cyclic moods are less extreme. |
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Dissociative Disorder |
Thoughts and feelings are separated from conscious awareness. Typically during a dramatic situation. Can be accompanied by memory loss. (Dissociative amnesia) |
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Dissociative Fugue |
Subject goes on a journey and takes on a new identity. Rapidly ends and results in amnesia. |
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Dissociative Identity Disorder |
Alternates between two distinct identities. |
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Depersonalization Disorder |
Feels cut off and detached from his/her body. Feels that the external world is not real. |
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Paranoid Personality Disorder |
Mistrusts others motives without sufficient cause. |
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Schizoid Personality Disorder |
Loner with little interest in social relationships. Detached and cold. |
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Antisocial Personality Disorder |
Serious behavior problems starting at young age. Significant aggression toward people and animals. Illegal activities, impulses. No remorse or responsibility. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder |
Instability of impulse control, mood and image of self and others. |
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Histrionic Personality Disorder |
Strongly desires to be the center of attention. Shallow and shifting. |
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
Feels important, powerful and beautiful. |
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Avoidant Personality Disorder |
Feels inadequate inferior and undesirable. Fears criticism. |
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Dependent Personality Disorder |
Fear of not being able to take care of one's self. Must be taken care of by someone else. Fears abandonment. Will do anything to avoid it. These people are often taken advantage of. |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) |
May not have any true obsessions or compulsions. Perfectionist, rigid, stubborn, prefers it his way, will not delegate, workaholic and moralistic beyond typical norms. |
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Dementia |
Severe loss of cognitive ability. Alzheimers is a form of dementia. |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
Inability to form new memories. |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Inability to recall old memories. |
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To be diagnosed with a personality disorder, one must be... |
At least 18 years old. |
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Big Five Acronym |
OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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Superego, ego and id. |
id totally unconscious crazy desires. superego conscious higher purpose desires. ego is the conscious mediator. strives for logic. Think id on one shoulder and superego on the other. |
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Eros |
Eros is strictly the sexual component of our life, not to be confused with libido which Freud referred to as our life force, the will to live. It is the desire to create life, and favors productivity and construction. Contrast with thanatos |
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Thanatos |
Death drive. This postulated death drive allegedly compels humans to engage in risky and self-destructive acts that could lead to their own death Contrast with Eros. |
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Adrenal Cortex secretes |
CORTISOL!!! CORT |
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Locus of Control |
Internal locus of control - YOU control your own fat. External focus of control - Outside factors determine your fate. It is better to have an internal locus of control |
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Anal stage |
1-3 Anal retentiveness (fixation on this stage) Leads either over-orderliness or sloppiness. Anal stage --> cleanliness |
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Reference group |
a social group that a person takes as a standard in forming attitudes and behavior. |
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Suppression vs. Repression |
Repression is not conscious blocking. Suppression is intended blocking. |
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Regression |
Defense mechanism where one goes back to an earlier stage (like the anal, oral, phallic....) |
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Last stages of freud |
Latency (pre-puberty) --> Genital (pu to adulthood) |
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Displacement vs. Projection |
Projection: Attributing your undesired feelings to others. Dsiplacement: Taking out your feelings on somebody/something else. |
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Sublimation |
Defense mechanism Pent up sexual urges are manifest as more docile habits. |
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Reciprocal Determinism |
Thought, feelings, behaviors and attitudes all interact to determine our actions at a given time. |
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Major depressive disorder |
Must have one major depressive episode showing five distinct symptoms. |
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Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II |
I is less severe. No major depressive episodes. |
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Hypomania |
Unrealistic optimism and positivity. |
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Cyclothymic Disorder |
Cycles between stages of hypomania and dysthymic state. A less severe form of bipolarism. |
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Agoraphobia |
Fear of being in places or situations where it would be difficult to escape. |
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Dissociative Identity |
Multuple personalities. |
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Dissciative Fugue |
Wandering off, assuming a new identity in a new location. Not the same as dissociative amnesia. |
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Cluster A |
Weird |
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Cluster B |
Wild |
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Cluster C |
Worries |
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Clusters (Only refers to personality disorders) |
WWW Weird, wild, worried. In that order. (A B C) |
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Difference between OCD and OCPD |
OCD is obsession with specific things. Acquired OCPD is general and applies to every aspect of one's life. Life-long |
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Parkinsons |
Depletion of dopamine. Treat with L Dopa |
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Identity shift effect |
The result of peer pressure |
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Group think vs. Group Polarization |
Groupthink refers to conformity within a group that leads to an incorrect or poor decision. no alternate options are presented. Less of independent thinking. Group polarization is the tendency for groups to become more extreme in their thinking. |
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Labeling Theory |
Labels given to people affect not only how other respond to that person but also the persons self image. |
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Foot in the door technique |
Make a small request before making a much larger request.
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Door in the face technique |
Make a LARGE request with the assumption that it will be rejected. then make a smaller request. |
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Elaboration Likelihood Model |
Central route processing - Deeply consider something. Peripheral route processing - Focusing on frivolous factors. |
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Social Cognitive Theory |
People learn how to behave by observing the actions of others. |
