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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Personality |
The thought, feelings, and behaviours that makes a person unique, comes from "within" and stays pretty constant. |
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Define Temperament |
The innate, genetic component of personality. Refers to our inborn personality traits which are present form early childhood. |
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Temperament study of Thomas, Chess, and Birch. |
A: response to the environment remains stable throughout life.
M: observed 133 children from infancy to early adulthood. Parents interviewed about the child's reactions to change.
R: fell into 3 categories; "Easy" happy and flexible. "Difficult" demanding and inflexible. "Slow to warm up" didn't respond well to the change but usually happy once adapted.
C: Temperament is innate. These reactions stayed throughout their life. |
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Evaluation of Thomas, Chess, and Birch study |
+longitudinal study, can keep testing the participants: showed the same reaction throughout. -participant attrition -parents biased when interviewed, show their kids in a positive light for social desirability. |
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Temperament study of Buss and Plomin |
A: is temperament innate?
M: rated and compared scores of 5yr olds monozygotic and dizygotic twins based on: Sociability-interaction with others Emotionality-emotional response Activity-how energetic the child was
R: Monozygotic twins have more similar scores than dizygotic twins.
C:Temperament is innate |
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Evaluation of Buss and Plomin study |
+provides evidence to show temperament is innate. Demonstrates that genetically identical twins were more similar in SEA.
-this may be down to environmental causes, twins are treated very similarly.
-hard to generalise not everyone is a twin |
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Temperament study of Kagan and Snidman |
A: is temperament due to biological differences?
M: observed babies' reaction. 1st minute caregiver with them, 3rd minute caregiver moved out of sight, researcher showed toys.
R: 20% high reactive: distress through crying, arched back. 40% low reactive: showed little movement or emotion. Rest fell between
C: temperament due to brain's inherited differences in response |
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Evaluation of Kagan and Snidman study |
+large sample more generalisable
-experimental setting: low ecological validity but high in experimental validity. Babies may behave differently in natural settings(home) |
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Theory of Eysenck's type theory of personality |
He believed that there are different personality types, a "type theory" each having their own traits. He identified the personality types of extroversion, introversion, and neuroticism.
These personality types were due to inherited types e.g. A neurotic's nervous system reacts quickly and strongly to stress. |
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Define Extroverts |
Looks to other people and the outside world for entertainment.
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Define Introverts |
Content with their own thoughts and ideas. |
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Define Neurotics |
Highly emotional and show a quick, intense reaction to fear. |
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Study of Eysenck's type theory of personality |
A: investigate the personality of 700 servicemen
M: each completed a questionnaire. Eysenck analysed the results through factor analysis
R: identified two dimensions of personality: extroversion-introversion & neuroticism-stability
C: Everyone can be placed along these two dimensions, most lie in the middle |
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Evaluation of Eysenck's study |
-original research limited sample
+later research, large sample, supports Eysenck's ideas
-only described two personality types
-questionnaires: mood of the person can vary their answers as well as social desirability not 100% truthful answers. |
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What did Eysenck develop to measure personality types? |
Personality scales:
•EPQ- Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
•EPI- Eysenck Personality Inventory |
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What is Eysenck's EPQ? |
This scale is used to measure introversion, extroversion, and neuroticism.
Psychoticism added later on.
Most score low. Those with high scores are hostile and aggressive. |
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What is Eysenck's EPI? |
This scale used to measure extroversion-introversion & neuroticism-stability.
Help identify a person's personality through yes/no questions.
The two dimensions are unrelated, therefore can be identified as a neurotic introvert or stable extrovert. |
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What is APD? |
A condition in which they do not abide by the law, doesn't use socially acceptable behaviours or considers others' rights. |
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Characteristics of APD |
From age 15, show 3 or more: •failure to conform to social norms •Deceitful •Impulsive •irritable & aggressive •unable to hold down a job •lacks remorse
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What are the biological causes of APD? |
Brain abnormalities in the amygdala or prefrontal cortex. |
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Biological explanation of APD Amygdala |
Amygdala responsible for learning from negative consequences of our actions. Also responds to fearful facial expressions of others so we learn to avoid these behaviours that upset others.
Those with APD have a damaged amygdala so they do not learn from the negative consequences or recognise fear. |
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Biological explanation of APD Prefontal Cortex |
Responsible for showing morally social behaviours and guilt.
Those with APD have smaller prefrontal cortices, feel less remorse/guilt & act socially unacceptable |
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Biological explanation of APD Prefontal Cortex |
Responsible for showing morally social behaviours and guilt.
Those with APD have smaller prefrontal cortices, feel less remorse/guilt & act socially unacceptable |
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Raine et al's biological study into APD |
A: an abnormal prefrontal cortex causes APD
M: MRI scanned volunteers with APD and a control group with no APD
R: APD 11% reduction in the prefrontal cortex than control group
C: APD caused by reduction in prefrontal cortex |
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Biological explanation of APD Prefontal Cortex |
Responsible for showing morally social behaviours and guilt.
Those with APD have smaller prefrontal cortices, feel less remorse/guilt & act socially unacceptable |
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Raine et al's biological study into APD |
A: an abnormal prefrontal cortex causes APD
M: MRI scanned volunteers with APD and a control group with no APD
R: APD 11% reduction in the prefrontal cortex than control group
C: APD caused by reduction in prefrontal cortex |
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Evaluation of Raine et al's study |
+supports the idea that APD are biologically caused
-male participants. Not generalisable
-volunteers. Not representative sample
-the cause of APD is more complex because the brain is very complex and relies on the inter communication of structures |
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Situational explanations of APD |
Socioeconomic factors- poor income and poor housing
Quality of home life- poor parenting
Educational factors- low school achievement |
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Farrington's study into situational causes of APD |
A: antisocial and offending behaviour in males
M: longitudinal study on males living in deprived areas of inner London. From age 8 until 50. Parents and teachers interviews. Criminal records office searched
R: 41% were convicted of at least one offence. Due to criminal behaviour in family, low school achievement and poor parenting
C: situational factors lead to APD |
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Evaluation of Farrington's study |
-longitudinal study, attrition -male participants, not generalisable -interviews, social desirability, positive light |
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Elander et al's study into situational causes of APD |
A: childhood risk factors that predict APD
M: investigated twins with childhood disorders. Interviews them 10-25 years later
R: strong predictors of APD in adult life: Hyperactivity, conduct disorder & low IQ
C: disruptive behaviour in childhood can be a sign for APD in adulthood |
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Elander et al's study into situational causes of APD |
A: childhood risk factors that predict APD
M: investigated twins with childhood disorders. Interviews them 10-25 years later
R: strong predictors of APD in adult life: Hyperactivity, conduct disorder & low IQ
C: disruptive behaviour in childhood can be a sign for APD in adulthood |
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Evaluation of Elander study |
+supports childhood risk factors that cause APD
-twins, genetics may have affected their behaviour not situational factor. Generalisability
-interviewed |
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Practical implication of APD |
Researchers cannot decide on the cause of APD, difficult to know how to prevent and treat. It cannot be prevented if it is biological.
Those with APD are hard to work with as they believe they do not have to change therefore it is a disorder difficult to treat |
