Personality

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psychic structure

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in psychodynamic theory, a hypothetical mental structure that helps explain different aspects of behavior

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id

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in psychic structure, present at birth, that represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious

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ego

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the second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification

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superego

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the third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior

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analytical psychology

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Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the collective unconsciousness and archetypes

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individual psychology

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Alfred Adler's psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes feelings of inferiority and the creative self.

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trait

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a relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior

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reciprocal determinism

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Albert Bandura's term for the social-cognitive view that people influence their environment just as their environment influences them

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unconditioned positive regard

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an enduring expression of esteem for the essential value of a person

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conditional positive regard

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judgement of another person's value on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors

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Hippocrates

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first to examine traits; he believed that traits depended on the balance of four bodily fluids

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William Sheldon

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believed that traits came from body types, meaing from "distinctions between layers of embryonic tissues"

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Sir Frances Galton

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developed a "lexical hypothesis" which stated that " many of the world's languages use single words to describe fundamental human differences in personality

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Gordon Allport

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took Galton's theory and devised 18,000 traits based on words found in dictionaries

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Raymond Cattel

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used Allport's list and streamlined the list to 16 traits; developed an instrument to measure personality called 16PF

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Hans Eysenck

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contended that personality has only three dimensions: emotional stability; introversion-extroversion; psychoticism

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emotional stability

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how well people control their emotions

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introversion-extroversion

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the degree to which people are oriented outwardly or inwardly

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psychoticism

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a dimension whereby people range from being warm, tender and helpful to insensitive and uncooperative and any where in between

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Robert McCrae and Paul Costa

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played a major role in the development of the five-factor personality model

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Sigmund Freud

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developed a theory of psychosexual development in which he divided the mind into three basic processes, each with a different purpose

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Carl Jung

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analytical psychology, split with Freud, regressions could serve positive functions and not merely neurotic ones as Freud believed

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Alfred Adler

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studied birth order. coined inferiority complex and striving for superiority

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inferiority complex

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Alfred Adler, caused from organic defect and the socioeconomic situation of the child

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Erik Erikson

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8 stages of personality

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Erik Erikson's 8 stages of psychological development

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1. from infancy to one year old, trust vs mistrust
2. two to three years old, autonomy vs shame and doubt
3. four to five years old, initiative vs guilt
4. 6 to 11, industry vs inferiority
5. adolescence, identity vs role diffusion
6. young adulthood, intimacy vs isolation
7. middle adulthood, generativity vs stagnation
8. late adulthood, integrity vs despair

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Karen Horney

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believed that environmental and social factors are the most important influences in shaping personality; most important social factors are the relationships we encounter as children; culture and society were bigger factors than biology in determining differences between men and women

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Albert Bandura

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major contributor to the social-cognitive theory; assumes that personality development is influenced by four human cognitive processes: highly developed language ability; observational learning; purposeful behavior; self-analysis

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Carl Rogers

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main proponent of self-theory; real self and a ideal self; personality problems are created when there is a big difference between our real and ideal selves.

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Carl Rogers

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people shape themselves through free choice and action and defined the self as the center of experience; self consists of two things: perceptions of one's self and perceptions of how we interact with others

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Carl Rogers

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believed that we could close the gap between real and ideal selves by: paying more attention to our real experiences; trying to have more positive experiences; paying less attention to what others expect of us

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Abraham Maslow

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a humanistic psychologist, argued that people have a conscious need for self-actualization to become all that we can be

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findings of a series of longitudinal studies from 1999 to 2003 on personality

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major changes occur during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood; most personality changes occur before age 30; although personality seems to be set by age 30, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes change

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what are the five personality traits in the big five model?

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openness
conscientiousness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

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openness

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hot end: open to new experiences, imaginative, prefer variety and are independent
cold end: narrow interests, practical, prefer routine, and are conforming

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conscientiousness

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hot end: responsible, well-organized, careful, dependable
cold end: impulsive, disorganized and careless

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extroversion

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hot end: outgoing, decisive, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate;
cold end: retiring, withdrawn, sober, reserved

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agreeableness

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hot end: warm, good-natured, soft-hearted, trusting and helping
cold end: unfriendly, cold, ruthless, suspicious and uncooperative

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neuroticism

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hot end: stable, don't worry excessively, calm, secure, self satisfied
cold end: nervous, emotionally unstable, insecure, self-pitying

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social-cognitive theory of personality

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focuses on observable behavior;
focuses on environmental conditions and situations;
learning takes place partially because of reinforcement and observation;
involuntary responses, such as fear, can be learned

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humanistic-existential theory of personality

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look at behavior from the person's point of view