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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up the PNS? |
Somatic division and Visceral Division |
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How does information travel through the PNS |
Extends beyond the axial skeleton traveling into the periphery 1. Peripheral Ganglia 2. Peripheral nerves 3. End Organs |
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What are peripheral nerves made up of? |
Axons and Connective tissue |
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What are the layers of connective tissue surrounding the axons? |
Inside to out Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium |
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Dorsal vs Ventral roots |
D: Primarily sensory axons entering the spinal cord V: Primarily motor axons leaving the spinal cord |
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What is a spinal nerve |
Combination of dorsal (anterolateral body wall and extremitiess) and ventral roots (structures of the back) |
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What are the two major Nerve Plexuses |
Brachial - C5-T1 Lumbosacral - L2-S3 |
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What is a dermatome? |
Describes an area of skin that is innervated by a single sensory spinal nerve. |
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What is a myotome? |
Describes a muscle mass innervated by somatic motor fibers from one spinal nerve |
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By testing myotomes you can determine? |
Liesion at the nerve root vs peripheral |
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How can axons with a peripheral nerve be differentiated |
Diameter and velocity at which they conduct action potentials |
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What is a mechanoreceptor? |
Responds to mechanical stimuli which as indentation for skin or distention for the viscera |
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What are the two types of mechanoreceptors? |
Rapidly adapating: Meissner's corpuscles and hair follicles superficially, and pachinian corpuscles in the deep dermis Slowly adapating: Merkles Discs i the superficial dermis and Ruffini's endings in the middermis |
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What are thermal receptors? |
Responds to hearing or cooling of the tissue. |
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What are nociceptors |
Responds to stimuli that damage or threaten to damage tissue. |
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What are proprioceptors |
Nociceptors and mechanoreceptors within the muscles Respond to mechanical forces generated within the body |
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What are muscle spindles? |
Fibers surrounded by a connective tissue capsule Bag Fibers - nuclei in center Chain fibers - Nuclei in a row Annulospiral affarennts - respond to brief stretch or vibration |
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What is a golgi tendon organ |
High threshold receptor located at junction of muscle and tendon In a series with extra fusal muscle fibers Limit muscle contraction in response to stretch |
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What is a motor end plate? |
Specialized are on the muscle fiber where the boutons synapse |
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What is a junctional fold |
Sarcolemma at the motor end plate folded over. Contains nicotinic Ach receptors |
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What does the activation of nAChR lead to |
Excitation of the muscle resulting in muscle contractions |
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What may a PNS lesion effect? |
Axon, NM junction, muscle |
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What is peripheral nerve damage assocaited with? |
Sensory disturbances and weakness. |
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What is Radiculopathy |
Sensory disturbances in specific dermatomes. May include loss of speific refluxes. Shooting Pain |
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What is Plexopathy? |
Sensory disturbances over multiple dermatomes. Widespread, unilateral. Loss of reflexes |
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Erb-duchenne Palsy |
Brachial Plexus C5-C6 Waiters tip posture Medially rotated arm and flexed wrist |
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Klumpke's palsy |
C8-T1 Weakness of most hand musculature and long finger flexros and extensors with sensory loss. |
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Describe Peripheral Neuropathies |
Involve damage to myelin sheath. Localized MonoNP: damage to single peripheral nerve due to trauma Symmetrical PolyNP: Involving multiple nerves affecting the distal extremities |
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Diagnosing a Neuromusculat junction disorder? |
Fluctuating weakness without sensory loss |
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What is Myasthenia Gravis? |
When nAChR of NMJ are targeted by antibodies. Weakness affects proximal and/or facial muscles. Refluxes are intact |
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How is musculardisease characterized? |
Proximal muscle disease with or without atrophym normal sensation, and intact reflexes |
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What is Polymyositis? |
Immune mediated inflammatory myopathy Controlled w/ corticosteroids, immunosup meds. |
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What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? |
inherited genetic disorder affecting male children Chronic; progressive, fibrous muscle contracture and decreased reflexes are later features. Death in youth. |
