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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Axial planning as demonstrated at the palace of Versailles divides the path into two different halves; arrival from man’s urban world through an open courtyard; and departure into infinity defined as a gradual passage involving this sequence of spaces: a) b) c) |
a) Civilized World b) Tamed Nature c) Natural Nature
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Name the stylized motif shown at right that appeared as relief on many wall, ceiling, and furniture surfaces in French and |
Strapwork |
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In America, in the Victorian era when these high and prominent roofs became popular, they came to be known as _________ in recognition of their supposed originator ___________, . |
Mansard, Francois Mansart |
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This final stylistic phase of Spanish Baroque design found its way to Latin America along with the Spanish conquerors and became the basis for the religious architecture and design of those regions: |
Churrigueresco |
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The east façade of the Louvre as designed by Perrault (below) indicates a turn away from Baroque ostentation to what sort of expression? |
Neoclassism |
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Name two (2) Mudéjar characteristics that influenced subsequent Spanish design: |
1. Use of bright colors, reds, greens, and particular blues and whites 2. Geometric ornament are used in the wood, plasterwork, and tile |
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This contemporary piece by artist Lila Jang is an interpretation of what Regency and Rococo furniture type? |
Canape |
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André-Charles Boulle became known for the use of __________, a technique for gilding bronze ornament that was then attached to the corners and edges of furniture. |
Ormolu |
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What innovative design feature shown on this plan of Château d'Ancy-le-Franc was a step forward for the planning of residential interiors? |
Passages parallel rows of rooms permitting circulation |
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Match the design objects below to their definitions: communion table Reja decorated altar screen |
Retable: A framed altarpiece, raised slightly above the back of the altar or communion table Reredos: decorated altar screen Reja: an iron screen |
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At the château of Vaux-le-Vicomte, their collaboration marked the beginning of the "Louis XIV style" combining architecture, interior design and landscape design.
Name the architect, the landscape architect, and the painter-decorator (in this order). |
Architect: Louis Le Vau Landscape Architect: Andre Le Nore Painter/Decorator: Charles le Brun |
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During the Régence, curving forms became more commonplace; for example, the gently S-curved leg shape came into use. This leg shape is typically referred to as: |
Cabriole |
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Based upon his relationship with Francis I, who was thought to have had an influence on the design of Château de Chambord? |
Leonardo DaVinci |
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Name three (3) design features that give the Renaissance château a typically French silhouette. |
A highly prominent tiled roof with chimneys and dormers |
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What project shown in plan below, on the Ile St. Louis in Paris, was an early but major work of Louis Le Vau, a key figure in the development of French architecture and decoration? |
Hotel Lambert
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Represented here is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer to a structure to form decorative patterns, designs or pictures. It is called: |
Marquetry |
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As a reaction to the Plateresque, around 1500 a new and more reserved style known as ____________ appeared, a style most clearly developed in the Escorial. |
Desomamentado |
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The great Baroque innovation was the idea that: |
Space does not surround architecture but is created by it |
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Architecture of the _______________ era moved from Baroque exuberance toward a more restrained classicism, finally deserving the stylistic designation Neoclassical, while rooms within can better be described as Rococo. Régence design became more delicate, light, and florid, with flowing curves. |
Louis XV |
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Is the chair shown at right a fauteuil or a bergère? Give the two (2) major reasons why. |
Bergere 1. enclosed upholstered arms 2. loose seat cushion |
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What is represented in the illustration below? During which French period do we find it as a recurring motif in the detailing of interiors and furnishings? |
Fasces, Empire Style
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Name two innovations that contributed to the quantity production of damasks, velvets, and wallpapers: |
1. Jaquard loom 2. Cylinder printing technique |
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This designer formalized his innovative design ideas for an urbanism and an architecture (prototype residence shown below) intended to improve society, of a Cité idéale charged with symbols and meanings. He is considered a precursor to the utopians who would follow, and his name is: |
Claude Nicolas Ledoux |
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From its south German base, the provincial __________ style spread northward, as well as into Austria and Switzerland. Like most styles, it did not have a name while it was being made, but was only given one after it had been and gone. |
Biedermeier
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Name the three (3) varieties of the French Rococo chaise longue: |
Duchesse Brisee, Recamier, Meridienne |
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The unique character of Dutch Renaissance interiors reflects several circumstances that were special to their time and place; describe three (3): |
1. Palaces and Chateaux were not important building types and protestant churches aimed for simplicity rather than elaboration 2. Wealthy merchants, officials, and professionals of the dominant social class lived in houses that didn't strive for extravagance 3. Trade by Dutch merchant fleet brought knowledge and actual projects from remote locations oriental carpets, textiles and porcelains, and Chinese lacquer |
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Below is an alphabetized list of the periods that cover most of the Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical concepts that defined English design. Put them in correct chronological sequence. Carolean Elizabethan Georgian Jacobean Queen Anne Tudor |
1. Tudor 2. Elizabethan 3. Jacobean 4. Carolean 5. William and Mary 6. Queen Anne 7. Georgian |
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The late Georgian period includes the later work of Chippendale, but was dominated by the work of these two other famous Georgian cabinetmakers: |
George Hepplewhite Thomas Sheraton |
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At Osterley Park there is a small parlor designed by _________ in _________ style; that is, with wall decoration derived from Greek vase painting (the design concepts are represented in the rendering below). |
Robert and James Adams Estruscan |
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This ____________ chair with its back of slim turnings held by a bent hoop, a wooden saddle carved seat, and legs that were usually turnings with turned stretchers came into wide use during the _____________ period. |
Windsor Queen Anne |
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This dome hides ingenious arrangements. There is a low inner wood dome and the stone lantern at its top. |
St. Pauls Cathedral Sir Christopher Wren |
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The Georgian era of English design has become one of the most admired of all historic periods. It is a period in which a) b) c) become widely accepted by architects, builders, and craftsmen. |
a) consistency of character b) order and logic in concepts c) elegance and restraint in detail |
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“The movement of ideas, unlike the movement of goods or peoples, does not need to flow in a continuous stream, but can make leaps in both space and time.” What specific movement does this quote reference, and how were these ideas most often conveyed? |
Northward movement of Renaissance ideas conveyed directly by individual travelers and by printed materials |
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Why did The Netherlands, parts of Belgium, and what was formerly called Flanders develop a Renaissance design vocabulary distinct from those of neighboring regions? |
The policial history, traditions, and social conditions of the region were factors that help to explain the special character of Dutch and Flemish design |
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What was the Iconoclastic Revolt, and what changes did it bring to church interiors? |
When churches were stripped of Gothic sculpture, painting, and other decoration interiors were left plain, white painted, and flooded with light from the clear glass windows that replaced the destroyed stained glass |
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Why did brick (with stone restricted to some details) become the major building material for private residences in the Low Countries? |
They lacked both quarries to provide stone suitable for building and forests as sources of a plentiful wood supply |
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The English Renaissance was inaugurated by the ___________ Dynasty. |
Tudor |
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Circle and label the space on this plan of Haddon Hall that was an update of its medieval origins. |
Long gallery |
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Itemize two (2) traits that mark the gradual transition from Tudor to Elizabethan design: a) |
a) increasing emphasis in symmetry and classical concepts of planning b) a more frequent introduction of Italiante classical detail |
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Longleat House was “the proto-type Elizabethan mansion, the first inside-out house.” Identify three (3) attributes that reinforce this assertion. |
Spectacular glazing clothed the outside, the wall space kept to a minimum and Renaissance details used in a quiet yet assured manner |
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What is “turkey-work?” |
needlework imitating the designs and texture of oriental rugs |
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Who was responsible for introducing the more consistent classicism of the High Renaissance into England? What influenced this particular expression? |
Inigo Jones visit to Italy and study of ancient buildings |
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While often described as Baroque, Christopher Wren’s work is very different from the Baroque of Catholic northern Italy, south Germany, or Austria. Why? |
His work was always restrained by a sense of order and discipline |
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How does this plan of St. Stephen Walbrook by Christopher Wren demonstrate his manipulation of geometry to achieve a Baroque complexity? |
Their varied plans are based on squares, rectangles and other combinations of forms including polygons and ovals |
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What is the difference between parquetry and marquetry? |
Parquetry: geometric mosaic of wood pieces used for decorative effect Marquetry: applying pieces of veneer to a structure to form decorative designs, patterns or pictures |
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Georgian furniture can be classified as belonging to the three sub-periods: early, middle, and late. The early phase begins with a carry-over of ________ practice. The middle Georgian period is associated with the work of ____________ and the late Georgian period was dominated by the work two other famous cabinetmakers,___________ and ___________. |
Queen Anne Thomas Chippendale George Hepplewhite Thomas Sheraton |
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Why is it often suggested that a return to the 18th century is the logical starting point for early 20th century modernist design philosophy? |
18th century order and consistency gave way at the beginning of the 19th century to an era of technical innovation that upset Georgia traditions and presented challenges that designers struggled to resist or accept |
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Name the designers of each of the middle- to late-Georgian period chairs illustrated below. For each chair, describe three (3) general characteristics and/or specific details unique to the designer’s style. |
1. Chippendale - Cabriole legs - Perforated back splats with carving in Chinese or even Gothic style - ball and claw feet |
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Name the designers of each of the middle- to late-Georgian period chairs illustrated below. For each chair, describe three (3) general characteristics and/or specific details unique to the designer’s style. |
2. George Hepplewhite - Perforated backs in shield or oval shapes - Upholstered seat pieces - Legs are square and often tapered |
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Name the designers of each of the middle- to late-Georgian period chairs illustrated below. For each chair, describe three (3) general characteristics and/or specific details unique to the designer’s style. |
3. Thomas Sheraton - Straight legs and square back - Cabinet pieces are veneered an often have curved parts - Inlays of contrasting colors |
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Three motivations for colonization of the Americas by Europeans in the 17th century were: a) b) c) |
a) hope of financial gain b) desire to escape religious persecution c) simple desire for new exploration and adventures |
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Label the two (2) components represented in the wood joint illustrated below: |
Mortise and Tenon |
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The word ____________, used without any modifiers, is almost universally understood as meaning the work derived from about 1610 to 1800. |
Colonial |
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What feature as designed by Jefferson for Monticello went against standard practice for the extravagant interiors typical of Georgian or Federal mansions? |
Stairs are not the most prominent feature |
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Shown below right: Mt. Pleasant, 1761, Philadelphia, PA. List / describe four (4) features that identify it as a Georgian archetype. |
1) Brick plastered over corner quoins 2) Symmetrical Planning 3) Chimney's to serve fireplace were placed at the end of the wall 4) Hipped roof |
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By definition, what characterizes blockfront desks, secretaries, and cabinets? |
A fluted semi circle form suggestive of a scalloped shell |
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What type of house is evolving in the sequence of drawings below? What are two (2) reasons for the development of this form? |
Saltbox House - built up to fit more people/more room - roofs were built lower to the ground to protect against wind |
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In the New World, desire for new freedoms or new wealth rarely found expression in genuinely new design. What three (3) factors did, however, force colonists to make some modifications to the old and familiar ways of doing things? a) b) c) |
a) Realities of climate b) Availability of materials c) Managing of survival in remote locations |
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Adoption of the__________ motif was a late development (after about 1830) in Duncan Phyfe’s furniture production. Refer to the pattern book illustration below. |
Pillar and Scroll |
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The floor plan below was developed by John Nash for George, Prince of Wales. Identify the period, and name the building |
Royal Pavillon in Brighton Regency Period |
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The legs featured on this table are |
Monopodium |
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In his Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849), ________________ sets forth a highly moralistic theory of architecture in which “good” design is not merely an aesthetic matter, but a matter of moral virtue as well. |
John Ruskin |
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The impact of the early phases of the Industrial Revolution on interior design was more technical than aesthetic. Identify three (3) technological innovations that made some important elements of earlier interiors obsolescent. |
1) Modern plumbing 2) Lighting 3) Heating |
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Name the building, built for the Paris International Exhibition of 1889, that used giant trusses (refer to the example) with pivot points at their bases and at a center point where the trusses meet to form a “three-hinged arch.” |
Galerie des Machines |
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The _________________ and the several revival styles that followed it can be thought of as ending the sequence of stylistic developments dating back to antiquity. |
Regency |
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This Federal Period designer’s work took on a unique character that made his name widely known as a leading American designer-craftsman. His career lasted until he retired in 1847 and so spanned a time of stylistic changes – changes to which he adapted to readily and which he sometimes led. Name the designer. |
Duncan Phyfe |
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Iron and glass were increasingly used as building materials in the second half of the 18th century, most often for buildings that were thought of as strictly utilitarian – train sheds, market halls, mills and other factory buildings, and exhibition halls – all structures where the economy and ease of iron construction were more important than monumentality. (circle one) TRUE FALSE |
True |
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At the University of Virginia, a central mall is surrounded by small college buildings called ___________________ connected by columned covered walkways on either side. |
Lodges |
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Furniture of the English Regency was strongly influenced by which two French periods? |
French Directoire and Empire design |
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A highly individual style of chair design was developed by ________________ to produce what he called ________________ based on Federal or Regency styles. They had turned wooden front legs, a rush seat, and simple ladder back, but were characterized by their finish – black paint with brightly colored, painted (usually stenciled) decoration. |
Lambert Hitchcock "Fancy chairs" |
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What did the French encyclopedist Denis Diderot strive to document in his many-volume work? |
The only source of power are human, horse, water, and wind all of the last 3 used only in limited ways. From he stone age until the late 18th century these had been the only way in which things could be made |
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Shown below is the Centre Square Water Works, ca. 1810, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Discuss the significant irony that this engraving expresses. |
They made an elaborate temple structure around it |
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The most curious aspect of Regency design is its seemingly inconsistent vacillation between ___________________ and _______________________ . |
the restraint of classicism the exuberance of fantasy |
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As the Regency gave way to the Victorian era, a movement toward a sternly moralistic religiosity developed. Explain why. |
The romantic spirit and moralistic theories thus joined to urge Gothicism as the only virtuous and acceptable style |
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In the United States, the kind of building called _______________, produced by local builders cutting pointed-arch forms in wood with the aid of the widely-used scroll saw, became a staple of American house building for many years. |
Carpenter Gothic |
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_______________________elevated the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individualists and artists, whose pioneering examples would elevate society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art. |
Romanticism |
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Trinity Church (shown below right) is the birthplace and archetype of the Richardsonian Romanesque style, characterized by: a) b) c) d) e) |
a) Clay roof b) Polychromy c) Rough stone d) Heavy arches e) Massive tower |
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He is sometimes spoken of as the first industrial designer. He produced designs for pottery, porcelain, glassware, textiles, wallpaper, silver, and ironwork. Many of his designs, particularly those for silver and glassware, are amazingly modern in concept. Name this British designer, and explain what early career influenced his philosophy. |
Christopher Dresser
Began his design career with a study of botanical forms which he urged as a basis for "applied arts" that is decorative design |
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Themes related to the Craftsman movement included the development of a " _______________ style” based on a kind of vernacular one-story house that became popular in California. |
Bungalow |
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His name is connected with all examples of armchairs with adjustable tilt backs. Name the designer. |
William Morris |
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If design history had progressed according to a strictly logical pattern, the Arts and Crafts movement and the parallel Art Nouveau design of continental origin would have come together and moved into the modernism of the 20th century in a smooth progression. |
Eclecticism |
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What is the central doctrine of the Arts and Crafts Movement? |
John Ruskin
Seven Lamps of Architecture |
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Wren’s City Churches carried an oddly inappropriate title page – an Arthur Mackmurdo woodcut showing sinuously curved leaves, flowers, and lettering in the graphic style that came to be typical of Art Nouveau design. Why would this title page be considered “inappropriate? |
He was the founder of the century guild, another organization devoted to furthering arts and crafts ideals through publication and the production of decorative objects |
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Discuss the link between 19th century British design reform and 20th century Modernism on the European continent. |
Charles Francis Annesley Voysey |
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New materials and techniques were developed during the Victorian period made whole new categories of objects possible. Who manufactured the chair shown below right, and what technique made its form possible? |
Thonet Brothers
Technique of using steam in pressure chambers that made it possible to bend thin strips of solid wood into curved forms |
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John Ruskin has been mentioned already as a significant influence in the development of Gothic Revivalism. How was he also the source of many of the ideas that dominated Arts and Crafts design? |
He denunciated the design of industrially produced objects, this most strongly impacted the arts and crafts movement the assumption that machine made products were tasteless led to the return to hand |
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There are substantial areas of overlap and cross-influence between Gothic Revival and Arts and Crafts ideas, but how do they differ? |
1) Revival - advocated return to Gothic practice 2) Arts and Crafts - sought original design of its own time based on the ideology of Ruskin and followers |
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The house pictured below is often viewed as a step toward the modern view of design. Why? Also name the house and its designer. |
William Morris
Both the formatives of classicism and the Gothic have been rejected in exchange for functional simplicity |
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Name the designer of the settee pictured below, and explain how and why he maintained a close working relationship with William Morris. |
Phillip Webb
Designed furniture for Morris interiors |
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Who was Siegfried Bing and why was his House of New Art important? |
German art dealer
feature exclusively modern art |
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Who is the woman in the photograph below? How did she contribute to the British Arts and Crafts Movement? |
Margaret Macdonald
Painted ornamental elements |
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“It is a curious fact that the Arts and Crafts Movement, despite its aim of bringing about a broad reform in Victorian design and taste, succeeded in influencing only a small group of supporters and enthusiasts”. Why? |
Most could not afford costly productions |
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What is the process called fuming used in American Craftsman furniture production? Who introduced this process? |
Gustav Stickley
Furniture would be placed in an airtight room with shallow containers of ammonia and provided the patine we see on the piece |
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What role(s) did Will Bradley play in the promotion of the Craftsman Style and related movements? |
He was commissioned by "Ladies Home Journal" to develop designs for houses, rooms and furniture which were all published in the form of his renderings |
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Describe some of the features of the Glessner Residence (plan below) that were innovative for their time. |
Interior courtyards which allowed for natural light but also provided privacy
Servant hall along north side of house to buffer noise and dirt from streets as well as winter winds |
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“If design history had progressed according to a strictly logical pattern, the Arts and Crafts movement and the parallel Art Nouveau design of continental origin would have come together and moved into the modernism of the 20th century in a smooth progression.” Why didn’t this happen? |
Efforts were pushed aside for new wave of enthusiasm for historical imitation usually called electicism |
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List four (4) characteristics that make Art Nouveau design recognizable as a unique development: |
1) rejection of Victorian styles 2) close relationship with fine arts 3) decorative ornamentation based on forms in nature 4) curvilinear forms in structural elements and ornamentation |
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Why were many designs of the Art Nouveau, such as Hector Guimard’s chair below, available to a very limited public? |
Demanded costly hand work
A very limited could never support product in quantity |
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What concept, unique for its time, did Guimard utilize in his designs for the Paris Métro that accommodated variety? |
Entrance differed in size and shape, most with signs, light fixtures and panels
He designed a number of standardized elements that could be prefabricated in quantity and assembled in various ways to suit the needs |
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What periodical is the name Jugendstil derived from, and what does the term (name) mean? |
Germany and Scandanavian
"the young style" "style of youth" |
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How does the building below right exemplify secessionist design? How does it reference earlier classical precedents? |
The building is symmetrical rectilinear form and hints at classicism with cornice moldings and details |
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Otto Wagner, with the publication of his book Moderne Architektur, called for ____________. |
The abandonment of historical revivalism in favor of design based on purpose |
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Although a work of the Vienna Secession, this room can be viewed as the first truly modern interior. Name the project, and explain why the above statement is true. |
Austrian Postal Savings Bank
It brings modern concepts first visible in the crystal palace into use in an interior thats practical and aesthetically successful throughout form and structure without dependence on any applied decoration/ornament |
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Who wrote Ornament und Verbrechen (Ornament and Crime), and what was its central theme? |
Adolf Loos |
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What contradictions inherent in Victorian design do the images below demonstrate? |
Mixture of functional and practical with ornamentalism and sham |