Period 3 Vocabulary

Front 1

Muhammad

Back 1

Arabian merchant, established Islam after travels and visions. (Stearns, Ch. 11)

Front 2

Sunnis

Back 2

Followers of Umayyad clan after murder of Ali. Believe caliph should be strongest clan in the Umma. (Stearns Ch. 11)

Front 3

Shias

Back 3

Muslims who wanted to revenge for murder of Ali and refused to follow Umayyad. (Stearns Ch. 11)

Front 4

Umayyad

Back 4

First Muslim caliphate. Conquer from Spain to India. Supported by non-Muslims. (Stearns Ch. 11, Course notes Ch. 11)

Front 5

Abbasid

Back 5

Second Muslim caliphate, smaller empire. Supported by Mawalis. (Stearns and course notes Ch. 11)

Front 6

Abu-Bakr

Back 6

Friend of Mohammed, first caliph after Mohammed's death. (Stearns, Ch. 11)

Front 7

Mawali

Back 7

Muslim converts from other religions. Lower class in Umayyad, higher in Abbasid. (Stearns, Ch. 11, Course notes Ch. 11)

Front 8

Sufis

Back 8

Mystic holy men of Islam. Attract many converts through their teachings and travels. (AMSCO Ch. 11)

Front 9

Ibn Battuta

Back 9

Muslim historian who recorded many events and records of Mali, particularly Mansa Musa. (Stearns Ch. 13)

Front 10

Mansa Musa

Back 10

Muslim king of Mali. Goes on Hajj to Mecca, spreading wealth of Mali on trip. (Stearns Ch. 13, Course notes Ch. 13)

Front 11

Copts

Back 11

Egyptian Christians, supported Umayyad Empire against Byzantine rule. (Stearns Ch. 13, course notes Ch. 11)

Front 12

Griots

Back 12

Oral historians of Mali, kept records of kings and actions (Stearns Ch. 13)

Front 13

Constantine

Back 13

Roman emperor, moved capital of empire from Rome to Constantinople, and stopped persecution of Christians. (Stearns ch. 14)

Front 14

Justinian I

Back 14

Byzantine emperor, organized Roman law into Justinian's code, and had several building projects like the Hagia Sophia (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 15

Prince Vladimir I

Back 15

Kievan Prince who officially converted Kievan Rus to Christianity (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 16

Patriarch

Back 16

Church leaders in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Submit to emperor. (Stearns Ch. 14, Course notes ch. 14)

Front 17

Cyril and Methodius

Back 17

Byzantine missionaries, travel to Eastern Europe and attract converts. Also form Cyrillic, blending of Greek letters and Slavic language. (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 18

Slavs

Back 18

People of Eastern Europe. (Stearns ch. 14)

Front 19

Selijuk Turks

Back 19

Turkic nomads who weaken the Byzantine empire. (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 20

Norsemen

Back 20

Scandinavians. Migrate from Scandinavia to Ukraine area, establish Kieven Rus. (Course notes Ch. 14, Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 21

Charles Martel

Back 21

Frankish general at the Battle of Tours, halts Muslim advance into Europe. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 22

Charlemagne

Back 22

First Holy Roman Emperor, uniting church and state, has several public works projects and grows education. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 23

King Phillip IV

Back 23

French king, establishes Estates-General (AMSCO Ch. 12)

Front 24

William the Conqueror

Back 24

Norman king, invades England after death of Edward the Confessor, and takes throne. (Course notes, ch. 15)

Front 25

Thomas Aquinas

Back 25

Monk who studied Greek teaching, creating Christian Humanism. (Course notes, ch. 15)

Front 26

Tang Dynasty

Back 26

Chinese dynasty. Expand borders and establish tributary system. (Course notes, Ch. 17)

Front 27

Song Dynasty

Back 27

Urbanized Chinese dynasty, expand trade and outer contact (Course notes Ch. 17, AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 28

Samurai

Back 28

Japanese feudal warriors, serve Daimyos and follow Bushido (Course notes Ch. 17)

Front 29

Daimyo

Back 29

Japanese feudal lords, recruit Samurai to protect land and fight (Course notes Ch. 17)

Front 30

Delhi Sultanate

Back 30

Muslim empire in Northern India. Anger Hindus and Buddhists by destroying temples (AMSCO Ch. 11, Course notes Ch. 17)

Front 31

Scholar-Gentry

Back 31

Educated, aristocratic bureaucrats of China. Held large amount of power over emperor. (AMSCO Ch 10)

Front 32

Toltec

Back 32

American civilization, carry on Mayan tradition and pass on to Aztec conquerors (Course notes ch. 16)

Front 33

Aztecs

Back 33

Warrior empire in central Mexico, expansionist and violent (Course notes ch. 16)

Front 34

Inca

Back 34

Empire on West coast of South America, in Andes. Use bureaucracy and loose government to control empire. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 35

Inti

Back 35

Incan sun god. Center of Incan religion. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 36

Great Speaker

Back 36

Name of Incan emperor, due to belief that he spoke with the gods and people (Course notes ch. 16)

Front 37

Pochteca

Back 37

Special class of merchants in the Aztec empire, specialized in trading for jewelry, feathers, and other luxury goods (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 38

Francisco Pizarro

Back 38

Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 39

Hernan Cortes

Back 39

Spanish Conquistador whose crew took note of Aztec culture during invasion (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 40

Ka'ba

Back 40

Religious centerpiece for Islam, in Mecca. Significant before as a polytheistic icon as well. (Stearns Ch. 11)

Front 41

Baghdad

Back 41

Capital of Abbasid caliphate (Course notes Ch. 11)

Front 42

Damascus

Back 42

Capital of Umayyad caliphate (Course notes Ch. 11)

Front 43

Mecca

Back 43

Holy city for Islam, site of Ka'ba and Mohammad's home (Stearns Ch. 11)

Front 44

Medina

Back 44

Where Mohammed went after he was exiled from Mecca. 2nd holy city for Islam (Stearns Ch. 11)

Front 45

Timbuktu

Back 45

Major trading city in Mali. Center for gold/salt trade. (Stearns Ch. 12)

Front 46

Sudanic States

Back 46

Empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, in respective order. All were major trading powers in Saharan trade routes. (Stearns Ch. 12)

Front 47

Kingdom of Axum

Back 47

Only Christian kingdom in Africa, located in Ethiopia. (Stearns Ch. 12)

Front 48

Great Zimbabwe

Back 48

Central African kingdom, famous for large walls and buildings. (Stearns Ch. 12)

Front 49

Constantinople

Back 49

Capital of Byzantine Empire. Large city, trade center on Black Sea/Mediterranean. (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 50

Kievan Rus

Back 50

Established by Scandinavian traders, a small kingdom in modern Ukraine. Heavily influenced by Byzantines. (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 51

Black Sea

Back 51

Sea in Eastern Europe, site for major trade between Russia and Byzantines. (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 52

Hagia Sophia

Back 52

Orthodox church built by Justinian I. Heavily influenced by Greco-Roman architechture. Later turned into a mosque by the Ottomans. (Course notes Ch. 14, Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 53

Normandy

Back 53

Area in northern France. Birthplace of invasion of Britain by Norman William the Conqueror (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 54

Holy Roman Empire

Back 54

First large scale unification in Europe since Rome. Link church with European politics. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 55

Cambridge, Oxford

Back 55

Some of the first universities in Europe. Initially teach theology and other religious subjects, showing church influence. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 56

Battle of Tours

Back 56

Major Muslim v. Christian battle in France. Franks fight Moors, win, and halt Muslim expansion into Europe. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 57

Melaka

Back 57

Muslim city state on the Strait of Melacca.

Grew wealthy off of trade in the region. (Amsco Ch. 11)

Front 58

Angkor Kingdom

Back 58

Kingdom in Southeast Asia heavily influenced by China, India, and Muslim merchants. Hinduism and Buddhism popular in the area. (AMSCO Ch. 11)

Front 59

Chang'an

Back 59

Chinese capital under the Tang dynasty. One of the largest urban centers in China for centuries. Moved by the Song to avoid nomads. (AMSCO Ch. 11)

Front 60

Hangzhou

Back 60

Major trading city in China on the end of the Grand Canal. Attracted many foreign merchants, particularly Arabs. (AMSCO Ch. 11)

Front 61

Guangzhou

Back 61

Urban trade center in China, international population. (AMSCO Ch. 11)

Front 62

Tenochtitlan

Back 62

Capital of Aztec empire. Very large urban center, surprises Spanish conquistadors. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 63

Lake Texcoco

Back 63

Lake on which Tenochtitlan was built. Site for chinampa agriculture. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 64

Cuzco

Back 64

Incan capital in modern day Peru. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 65

Polygyny

Back 65

Act of having several wives at once. Popular with Muslim caliphs. (Stearns Ch. 11, Course notes Ch. 11)

Front 66

Dhows

Back 66

Triangular sail ships able to travel great distances. Used by Arab merchants in the Indian Ocean. (Stearns Ch. 11)

Front 67

Caliph

Back 67

Title for Muslim emperor. Exercised both religious and political control over Muslim population. (Stearns Ch. 11, Course notes Ch. 11)

Front 68

Matrilineal

Back 68

Passing of family legacy via daughters rather than via sons. Practiced in Africa even after Islam emerges in the area.

Front 69

Great Schism

Back 69

Official split of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches in 1054. Represented greater cultural differences between the east and west. (Course notes Ch. 14)

Front 70

Cyrillic Alphabet

Back 70

Greek based script created by Cyril to be used with Slavic language. (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 71

Boyars

Back 71

Russian aristocratic landlords. Exercised less political power than western counterparts. (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 72

Crusades

Back 72

Series of religiously motivated military campaigns in the Middle East. Started to take control of holy land, but resulted in increased interaction between Arabs and Europe. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 73

Icons, Mosaics

Back 73

Religious art used in the Eastern Orthodox church. Considered paganism in the west, and a factor in the Great Schism. (Stearns Ch. 14)

Front 74

Burghers

Back 74

"Middle class" that emerges in the Middle Ages. First time a middle class appears between nobility and peasents. (AMSCO Ch. 12)

Front 75

Fiefs, Vassals, Lords, Knights, Serfs

Back 75

Fiefs: Pieces of land given to knights for service. Vassals: People who owed loyalty to a higher class/person. Lords: Landowners in Western Europe, use knights for defense. Knights: Medieval warriors recruited to defend manors for lords. Serfs: Peasant workers who worked fields in manors for protection by lords. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 76

Christian Humanism

Back 76

Concept that a Christian can question the world and remain Christian. Created by Thomas Aquinas, and contributed to Renaissance. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 77

Vernacular language

Back 77

Languages such as French, Spanish, and German, that combined Latin with Germanic language. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 78

Gothic Style

Back 78

Architectural style that replaced Romanesque in the Middle Ages. Represented loss of Roman culture. (AMSCO Ch. 12)

Front 79

Three Field System

Back 79

Rotational system for manors used in the Middle Ages to preserve soil. One field would lay barren while 2 others were used. (AMSCO Ch. 12)

Front 80

Little Ice Age

Back 80

5 century period in which global temperatures greatly dropped during the Middle Ages. Reduced agriculture in Europe. (AMSCO Ch. 12)

Front 81

Estates-General

Back 81

Government body in France, made up of peasants, nobles, and clergy. Used to advise king, but had no actual power. (Course notes Ch. 15)

Front 82

Champa rice

Back 82

Quick growing rice developed in Southeast Asia/China. Allowed for 2 harvests of rice a year. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 83

Grand Canal

Back 83

Connected south and north China. Constructed by Sui dynasty. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 84

Tribute

Back 84

Payment made to a major power to maintain peace. Used by Tang dynasty to exercise control over Korea. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 85

Proto-industrialization

Back 85

Stage before full industrialization in which manufactured goods are produced heavily. State of the Song dynasty in China. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 86

Coke, gunpowder

Back 86

Coke: refined coal that allowed for creation of stronger metals for weapons, tools, etc.. Gunpowder: Explosive powder created by Chinese, used for fireworks, guns. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 87

Foot binding

Back 87

Practice of binding feet of women in China. Used by higher class women to show status. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 88

Wood block printing

Back 88

First forms of printing presses in China. Use wooden blocks with characters to print paper. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 89

Zen Buddhism

Back 89

Form of Buddhism blended with Daoist principles. Popular in China with Daoists. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 90

Neo-Confucianism

Back 90

Combination of Buddhism and Confucianism into an ethical code, not religion. (AMSCO Ch. 10)

Front 91

Urdu

Back 91

Blending of Hindi/Sanskrit and Arabic in northern India. (AMSCO Ch. 11)

Front 92

Chinampas

Back 92

Blocks of land created on water for agriculture. Used by Aztecs on lake Texcoco. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 93

Tribute system

Back 93

System of exacting tribute from conquered states. Used by Aztecs over conquered people. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 94

Mita System

Back 94

System used by Incas that required all men to give time to work on public projects. (Course notes ch. 16)

Front 95

Quechua

Back 95

Oral language of Incans. Required to be learned by all conquered people. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 96

Quipu

Back 96

Record keeping system based off of ropes. Used by the Incans. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 97

Carpa Nan

Back 97

Road system created by Incans to connect the empire. Used by couriers to transport messages. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 98

Royal Ancestor cult

Back 98

Idea that all previous rulers continued to rule and that current rulers had to prove themselves and their power. Used by Inca. (Course notes Ch. 16)

Front 99

Ghengis Khan

Back 99

First Great Khan of the Mongols. Conquers from East China Sea to Persia. Establishes Pax Mongolica. (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 100

Ogodei

Back 100

Third son of Ghengis Khan and second Great Khan. Conquers Korea and South China. (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 101

Hulegu

Back 101

Son of Ogodei. Conquers Abbasid caliphate and destroys Baghdad, establishing Il-Khanate. Later converts to Islam. (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 102

Kublai Khan

Back 102

Son of Ogodei and third Great Khan. Establishes Yuan dynasty in China, starting golden age. Adopts Chinese customs. (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 103

White Lotus Society

Back 103

Secret society planning to overthrow the Yuan dynasty in China, established by Zhu Yuanzhang. Eventually succeed, establishing the Ming dynasty. (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 104

Zhu Yuanzhang

Back 104

Buddhist monk, establishes White Lotus Society. Eventually overthrows Yuan dynasty and establishes Ming Dynasty. (Course Notes Ch. 19)

Front 105

Karakorum

Back 105

Mongol capital during Ghengis Khan's time (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 106

Zhongdu (Dadu)

Back 106

Chinese capital during the Yuan dynasty. (AMSCO Ch. 13)

Front 107

Pax Mongolica

Back 107

100 year period of peace and prosperity in the Mongol Empire. Facilitated trade and diffusion across Asia and Europe. (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 108

Khanates

Back 108

Mongolian name for empire. Examples: Golden Horde, Il-Khanate. (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 109

The Golden Horde

Back 109

Russian area of Mongolian empire, conquered by Batu. Eventually overthrown by Moscow. (Course notes Ch. 19)

Front 110

The Yuan Dynasty

Back 110

Chinese area of Mongolian empire controlled first by Kublai Khan. Golden age of China. (Course notes Ch. 19

Front 111

Yurt

Back 111

Circular, mobile tent used by Mongols. Allowed for easy movement, fitting to Mongol's nomadic lifestyle. (Course notes Ch. 19)