Perception

Front 1

SELECTIVE ATTENTION

Back 1

Def:

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

(pg. 117)

Hint 1

paying attention in class and not looking up when someone walks in/sneezes/coughs/breathes

Front 2

DIVIDED ATTENTION

Back 2

Def:

Divided attention is concentration on more than one thing

Hint 2

example: listening to two people speaking at once

Front 3

ALTERNATING ATTENTION

Back 3

attention that changes from one thing to another while doing something

Hint 3

feeding dogs and talking on the phone

Front 4

THE STROOP EFFECT

(interference)

Back 4

Def:

demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task.

Hint 4

task

Front 5

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION

Back 5

defining the parts it was composed from, rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts

Hint 5

composed from

Front 6

VISUAL CAPTURE

Back 6

Visual capture refers to our tendency to allow visual images to dominate our perception.

Hint 6

For example, when we watch a movie in a theater, we tend to think that the voices we hear come from the moving images on the screen, rather than from the speakers that could be located all around the theater

Front 7

VISUAL CLIFF

Back 7

Def:

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

(p. 153)

Hint 7

Front 8

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

Back 8

Def:

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

(p. 151)

Hint 8

small pieces into wholes

Front 9

FIGURE-GROUND PERCEPTION

Back 9

Def:

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

(p. 151)

Hint 9

contouring

Front 10

GROUPING

Back 10

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

(p. 152)

Hint 10

to put triangles in a group because they have three sides

Front 11

PROXIMITY

Back 11

closeness

Hint 11

how near the two objects are

Front 12

SIMILARITY

Back 12

One grouping principle or rule is "similarity" which refers to the tendency for humans to group together objects or stimuli that seem similar to each other.

Hint 12

example, what do you see here: $$$$$ 88888 !!!!!
Most people would say they see 5 dollar signs followed by 5 number 8's, and 5 exclamation points. But why not see this as 15 items that mean nothing together,

Front 13

CONTINUITY

Back 13

a Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states people have a tendency to group stimuli into continuous lines and patterns

Hint 13

For example, when you see geese flying south for the winter, they fly in a formation that, to us, looks like a big "V".

Front 14

CLOSURE

Back 14

the illusion of seeing an incomplete stimulus as though it were whole

Hint 14

Thus, one unconsciously tends to complete (close) a triangle or a square that has a gap in one of its sides.

Front 15

CONNECTEDNESS

Back 15

a sensation and perception term that refers to the perception of uniform or linked spots, lines, or areas as a single unit. When these these forms are linked together or uniform, they simply appear to form a single unit and seem to go together.

Hint 15

For example, do you perceive the following as belonging together?: 0-0 0-0 0-0

Front 16

SIMPLICITY

(Law of Pragnanz)

Back 16

objects in the environment are seen in a way that makes them appear as simple as possible.

Hint 16

seeing things simple so we can understand

Front 17

OBJECT IDENTIFICATION

Back 17

process whereby the subject assimilates an aspect, property, or attribute of the other and is transformed, wholly or partially, by the model the other provides

Hint 17

identification

Front 18

DEPTH PERCEPTION

Back 18

s the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and the distance of an object.

Hint 18

3D movies

Front 19

BINOCULAR CUES

Back 19

Def:

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

(p .153)

Hint 19

depth cues using two eyes. People with one eye have harder time seeing depth

Front 20

RETINAL DISPARITY

Back 20

Def:

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance--the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

(p. 153)

Hint 20

brain computes distance

Front 21

CONVERGENCE

Back 21

In order to perceive depth properly, your eyes must move slightly inward or converge. In so doing, people are able to determine if objects are close to them or far away.

Hint 21

eyes, see closer and further

Front 22

MONOCULAR CUES

Back 22

Def:

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

(p. 154)

Hint 22

cues that give depth

Front 23

INTERPOSITION

Back 23

occurs in instances where one object overlaps the other, which causes us to perceive depth.

Hint 23

when pencil is on top of notebook, depth

Front 24

ELEVATION

Back 24

the act of going up

Front 25

TEXTURE GRADIENT

Back 25

the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away. It also involves groups of objects appearing denser as they move farther away. Also could be explained by noticing a certain amount of detail depending on how close something is, giving a sense of depth perception.

Hint 25

dense, texture

Front 26

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

Back 26

Linear perspective is a depth cue that is related to both relative size and the next depth cue, texture gradient. In linear perspective parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge

Hint 26

lines, Mrs. Andrews point of perspective project

Front 27

AERIAL PERSPECTIVE

Back 27

ype of monocular cue. Monocular cues are depth perception cues that can be processed using only one eye. This is opposed to binocular cues, which require the use of both eyes in order to perceive distance and depth.

Hint 27

binocular cue

Front 28

RELATIVE SIZE

Back 28

a perceptual clue which allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size. Sometimes our perceptions are faulty

Hint 28

Humans use relative size to judge the size of the moon. This is why the moon seems bigger and closer when it is near the horizon than when it is high in the sky. We use buildings, trees and other objects of known size to make judgements about the size and closeness of the moon. When the moon is higher in the sky there are no known objects or frame of references to judge the moon's closeness, and thus, appears smaller and farther away. This is called the lunar illusion.

Front 29

RELATIVE CLARITY

Back 29

a monocular cue; light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere therefore they are perceived as hazy and farther away than sharp, clear objects

Hint 29

hazy and clear

Front 30

RELATIVE HEIGHT

Back 30

a monocular cue; objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away; causes the illusion that taller objects are longer than shorter objects

Hint 30

mountains that are higher are father away

Front 31

RELATIVE MOTION

Back 31

a monocular cue; as we move, objects that are stationary appear to move; the closer the object, the faster it appears to move

Hint 31

closer object; faster it moves

Front 32

RELATIVE BRIGHTNESS

Back 32

amount of light an object reflects relative to surroundings

Hint 32

how bright it is

Front 33

MOTION PARALLAX

Back 33

As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. Objects closer than the fixation point appear to move backwards and objects beyond the fixation point appear to move with you. The farther away the objects are, the faster they will move.

Hint 33

closer=backwards

farther=faster they move

Front 34

MOTION PERCEPTION

Back 34

is the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs.

Hint 34

the speed and motion

Front 35

STROBOSCOPIC MOVEMENT

Back 35

a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples.

Hint 35

motion

Front 36

PHI PHENOMENON

Back 36

Def:

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

(p. 156)

Hint 36

The open sign is small dots blinking yet it looks like a line circling around the OPEN

Front 37

PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY

Back 37

Def:

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change

Hint 37

similar

Front 38

COLOR CONSTANCY

Back 38

Def:

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

(p. 158)

Hint 38

color

Front 39

LIGHT/BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY

Back 39

theory proposed by psychology researcher Hans Wallach in 1948 that explored human visual perception of neutral colors (colors that have brightness but no hue; white, gray and black). This theory states that although these colors, when seen in isolation on a blank screen appear to emit light, when paired with a surrounding ring of different brightness, those items will no longer appear to emit light

Hint 39

shading gives it depth

Front 40

SIZE CONSTANCY

Back 40

refers to the fact that our perceptions of the size of objects are relatively constant despite the fact that the size of objects on the retina vary greatly with distance.

Hint 40

a man who is 10 steps behind a woman looks like a small human

Front 41

SHAPE CONSTANCY

Back 41

Also known as form constancy is a form of perceptual constancy where a familiar object keeps its perceived shapedespite major changes in retinal stimulation due to changes in its orientation.

Hint 41

keeps it's shape

Front 42

PERCEPTUAL ADAPTION

Back 42

Def:

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

(p. 160)

Hint 42

to see the white and gold dress, then to change it and see blue and black

Front 43

PERCEPTUAL SET

Back 43

Def:

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

(p. 161)

Hint 43

seeing a man and a woman instead of 9 dolphins

Front 44

SENSORY RESTRICTION

Back 44

restrictions from senses

Hint 44

restrictions

Front 45

RESTORED VISION

Back 45

innate awareness of figure-ground and of color, but impaired ability to visually recognize objects (known previously by touch)

Front 46

PARAPSYCHOLOGY

Back 46

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

Hint 46

ESP and paranormal stuff

Front 47

ESP

Back 47

controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; said to include telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition

Hint 47

extraordinary sense/perception

Front 48

CLAIRVOYANCE

Back 48

a type of ESP involving perceiving remote events,

Hint 48

for example sensing that your friends house is burning down

Front 49

TELEPATHY

Back 49

a type of ESP involving mind to mind communication

Hint 49

If I can talk to dolphins using my mind

Front 50

PSYCHOKINESIS

Back 50

related to ESP; mind over matter principle; for example levitating a table, influencing a roll of dice

Hint 50

Matilda when she writes on the board by thinking it

Front 51

PRECOGNITION

Back 51

knowledge of a future event or situation, especially through extrasensory means.

Hint 51

fortune-tellers

Front 52

VISUAL AGNOSIA

Back 52

the lack of ability to use one's sense of sight to distinguish objects even though eyesight is intact.

Front 53

PROSOPAGNOSIA

Back 53

called face blindness, is a disorder in which people are unable to recognize faces. Those with this condition can see individual parts of a face (the nose, eyes, mouth, and so on) but can’t process the features together as a whole. Therefore, they can’t commit any faces to memory, not even their own face

Hint 53

That movie where the woman cannot recognize who killed some man. She can't even recognize her husband

Front 54

MULLER-LYER ILLUSION

(carpentered world hypothesis)

Back 54

distance determines length; lines farther away appear to be bigger than lines close to us

Hint 54

art II

Front 55

PONZO ILLUSION

Back 55

is the mind's tendency to judge an object's size according to the background

Hint 55

if I stand next to a small house, I look like a giant

Front 56

WUNDT-JASTROW ILLUSION

Back 56

an optical illusion discovered by the American psychologist Joseph Jastrow in 1889.

Hint 56

In this illustration, the two figures are identical, although the lower one appears to be larger. The short edge of the upper figure is compared to the long side of the lower one

Front 57

POGGENDORFF ILLUSION

Back 57

an apparent deflection of a straight line when it is interrupted by two lines parallel to each other.

Hint 57

and illusion

Front 58

THE OBLIQUE EFFECT

Back 58

the name given to the relative deficiency in perceptual performance for oblique contours as compared to the performance for horizontal or vertical contours.

Hint 58

contours