Chapter 4 & 5 Test; Sensation & Perception

Front 1

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three color) theory

Back 1

states that the retina has three types of color receptors (Especially sensitive to green, red, and blue). -when we stimulate combinations of these cones, we see other colors

Front 2

Opponent-process theory

Back 2

(Hering)-states that in the retina and in the thalamus, some neurons are turned “on” by red but turned “off” by green, and in others the reverse occurs. These opponent processes explain afterimages.

Front 3

Gate-Control theory-

Back 3

Can flip the switch by distracting

Front 4

Just Noticeable Difference

Back 4

smallest amount of change needed (Weber’s Law)

Front 5

Gesalt Rules-

Back 5

closure, proximity, continuation, similarity, and figure & ground

(An example of size constancy would be Turnbull’s study

Front 6

Relative Motion -

Back 6

motion parallax-the Stonoscopic effect is used in flipbooks

Front 7

Monocular Cues-

Back 7

you can see these with one eye, or show on paper

Front 8

linear perspective-

Back 8

the lines seem to converge as they get farther

Front 9

height-

Back 9

things that are higher are perceived as farther away

Front 10

interposition-

Back 10

something in the foreground is easier to see than something in the background

Front 11

texture gradiants

Back 11

the farther away something is, the less detail you see

Front 12

light and shadow

Back 12

color constancy

Front 13

retinal disparity

Back 13

- what we can see with one eye versus the other

Front 14

convergence-

Back 14

your eyes coming closer together as you focus on something close to your face

Front 15

Depth Cues-

Back 15

(ex: visual cliff done by Gibson)

Front 16

Consciousness

Back 16

is our moment to moment awareness of ourselves and our environment

- subjective (changes from person to person)

- Private

-Dynamic (changing all the time)

-Self-centered and self-reflective

Front 17

William James-

Back 17

father of structuralism

Front 18

Continuum of Consciousness:

Back 18

Controlled Process (focused awareness)

Automatic Process (just going through the motions (ex: greeting people in the halls))

Daydreaming (Drifting Consciousness)

Altered States (must be engaged in something else, for example drugs or alcohol)

Sleep/Dreams

Unconsciousness

Front 19

Circadian Rhythm

Back 19

A biological clock genetically programmed to regulate the body

Front 20

Stages of Sleep

Back 20

Prephase! - Alpha Phase: marked by feelings of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed -alpha waves have low amplitude and high frequency

Stage 1: transition from wakefulness to sleep, which lasts 1-7 minutes

Stage 2: Begins what researchers call “real sleep” ; beta waves amplitude shortens a bit and you have k complexes. K complexes are sleep spikes where the brain gets a burst of energy

Stage 3: This begins DELTA SLEEP or “deep sleep”

Stage 4: DELTA WAVES or “slow wave sleep”

REM sleep: makes up the remaining 20% of your sleep time (ASERINSKY)

Paradoxical sleep: if you are reading a brain chart, it looks like the person is awake

Front 21

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Back 21

contributes to the alternating cycle of sleep & wakefulness

Front 22

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus:

Back 22

A group of cells in the hypothalamus that regulates the circadian rhythm

Front 23

Melatonin:

Back 23

Seems to play a role in the chemical regulation of circadian rhythms- secreted by the pineal (negative side effect of taking melatonin is memory loss) ~There is no ONE neurotransmitter that is responsible for sleep cycles

Front 24

Light therapy and the circadian rhythm

Back 24

The rhythm can be disrupted ~”Light therapy” has been shown to help regulate the clock~Dr. Rutger Wever tested the circadian rhythm without light cues. The outcome was the internal clock shifted to a 25-hour cycle

Front 25

Repair Theory:

Back 25

States that the day contains a natural depletion of necessary factors in the brain and body. Sleep is the only way the body can repair itself.

Front 26

Adaptive Theory:

Back 26

Through evolution the body began to use sleep to avoid wasting energy and exposing themselves to dangerous nocturnal animals

Front 27

Night Terror:

Back 27

Occurs in Stage 4, often results in a screaming, sudden and complete fear, person often cannot remember the dream

Front 28

Psychologist that studied dreams

Back 28

Freud

Front 29

Latent content

Back 29

symbolic meanings

Front 30

Manifest content

Back 30

story line of the dream

Front 31

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Back 31

-Dreams are byproducts of REM

-Helps to make sense of the random spurts of energy

-Proponents

-J Allan Hobson

- Robert McCarley (1977) “unromancing the dream”

Front 32

consciousness-

Back 32

awareness of oneself as well as internal and external stimuli

Front 33

attention-

Back 33

the link between the enormous amount of information that assails out senses and the limited amount of information that we actually perceive.

Front 34

Filter Theories-

Back 34

Broadbent; suggested that we filter information right after it is registered at the sensory level.

Front 35

Attentional Resource Theories-

Back 35

This is the idea that people have a fixed amount of attention, which they can chose to allocate according to what the task requires, the pool of resources can be divided up among multiple tasks. It was made by Kahneman.

Front 36

Automatic Behaviors-

Back 36

Behaviors that require no conscious decisions regarding which muscles to move or what actions to take

Front 37

N-REM sleep-

Back 37

The first 4 stages of sleep, which are non-REM

Front 38

Illusions-

Back 38

distorted perceptions of objects and external stimuli

Front 39

Hallucinations-

Back 39

perceptions of sensory stimuli in the absence of any actual corresponding external sensory input from the physical world

Front 40

Activation-synthesis-

Back 40

(McCarley & Hobson) this states that dreams are the result of subjective organization and interpretation (synthesis) of neutral activity (activation) that takes place during sleep

Front 41

Posthypnotic Suggestion-

Back 41

instructions are given to an individual during hypnosis to be implemented after having awakened from the hypnotic state

Front 42

Stimulating Paradigm-

Back 42

(Orne), a research technique for determining the true effects of a psychological treatment in which one group of participants is subjected to hypnotism, and the other is not. People must then try to distinguish btw. the behavior of the treatment group and the behavior of the control group.

Front 43

Neodisassociative Theory-

Back 43

Some individuals are capable of separating one part of their conscious minds from another.

Front 44

Concentrative Meditation-

Back 44

a form of contemplation in which the meditator focuses on an object or thought and attempts to remove all else from consciousness.

Front 45

Opening-Up Meditation-

Back 45

the meditator integrates meditation with the events of everyday life, seeking to expand awareness of everyday events, rather than to separate meditation from mundane existence