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98 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Behavior Modification Programs

Training courses that use rewards and reprimands to stimulate changes in behavior.
Behaviorism
The ethological approach that states behavior is learned rather than genetically programmed.
Classical Conditioning
The type of conditioned learning that associates stimuli occurring at approximately the same time or in roughly the same area.
Classical Ethology
The ethological approach asserting that much of what animals know is instinctive or innate.
Conditioned Stimulus

Sensory input unrelated to a simple reflex behavior.

Ethology
The study of animal behavior.
Evolution

The scientific theory that characterizes all related organisms as descended from common ancestors.

Fixed Action Patterns
A term used by early ethologists to describe stereotypical or predictable behaviors of a species.
Function
In ethological terms, survival value.
Habituation
The process of learning that certain objects and events have little bearing on survival and can thus be ignored.
Imprinting
The acquisition in the very young of certain fixed action patterns.
Innate
Instinctive
Instinct
A complex of unlearned responses characteristic of a species.
Instrumental Learning
Learning by trial and error.
Natural Selection
The process that awards survival and reproductive success to individuals and groups best adjusted to their environment.
Naturalists
Natural Scientists
Nature-Nurture Controversy
The crux of two opposing schools; Classical ethology, which views animal behavior as primarily instinctive, and animal psychology, which views animal behavior as primarily learned.
Operant Conditioning
THe type of conditioned learning that associates a certain activity, known as the operant, with punishment or reward.
Operant
Functioning or tending to produce effects.
Postparturition
After giving birth to offspring.
Sensitive Period

A specific stage early in an animal's life when imprinting occurs.

Social Behavior
The ways individual members of the same species interact with one another.
Socialization

The process of adapting to contact with others.

Sociobiology
The study of the biological bases of social behavior.
Spraying
Staining vertical surfaces with a strong-smelling urine
Stimulus-Response Theory

THe psychological school of thought stating that all complex forms of behavior, including emotions, thoughts, and habits, are complex muscular and gladular responses that can be observed and measured.

Territorial
Prone to defining and defending areas of sleep, eating, exercise, and play.
Unconditioned Response
A simple reflex behavior.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Sensory input that produces a simple reflex behavior.
Wobble
A training maneuver designed to disorient a bird by abruptly dropping the hand it's perched upon.
Recognition of Individuals
THe process that allows animals to dostinguish their place in a social context broader than their relationship with primary caregivers.
House Soiling
Urinating or defecating inside the home.
Dance
A complex pattern of movements performed by a bee that directs other bees to a food source.
Breaking Litter Box Training
When a cat urimates or defecates someplace other than its litterbox.
Initial behavior modification sessions should last no more than _____ minutes.
5 minutes
What is the goal of reprimanding a pet?
The goal of reprimanding a pet is to associate a behavior with danger or disorientation.
What is the behavior modification technique that involves elimintion of a problem behavior by completely removing the reinforcement for the behavior?
Extinction
What do long-term pharmaceutical approaches to problem behavior usually involve?
Hormones
What is one of the best ways to correct a biting habit in birds?
Wobble
Instincts
Inherited or genetically coded responses to environmental stimuli.
For positive reinforcement to be effective, the pleasant event must occur within ___ seconds of the behavior.
20 seconds
What is an aggression that an animal learns to avoid an uncomfortable stimulus?
Conflict-related
What is a dog suffering from when he exhibits destructive behavior only when the owners are away?
Separation Anxiety
What type of aggression is an animal most likely exhibiting that doesn't give a warning or threat prior to biting?
Predatory Aggression
What is the first age period for a puppy to learn fear that will affect it for the rest of its life?
8 to 10 weeks
What do the best techniques for housebreaking involve?
Positive Reinforcement
When does the critical socialization period for felines occur?
Between 2 and 8 weeks of age.
What should multiple-cat households have?
At least as many litter boxes as cats
When do puppies and kittens learn to interact with their own species?
During the critical period
What is the survival value of certain types of behavior often reffered to?
Function
Who is considered the foremost expert on the mechanism of operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
Briefly describe Pavlov's famous experiment in classical conditioning.
Pavlov discovered that dogs automatically began to salivate at the sight of food. If he always rang a bell when he offered food, the dogs began to slowly associate this unrelated stimulus with food. In time, the sound of the bell alone would cause the dogs to salivate. Pavlov thereby concluded that the dogs had actually learned to associate an unrelated stimulus with food.
Who formulated the stimulus-response theory?
John B. Watson
Who was the American psychologist that originated behaviorism?
John B. Watson
What theory was published in 1859, in a book entitled "On the Origin of Species"?
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
Whose theories laid the foundation for classical ethology?
Charles Darwin's theories
Classical conditioning was based on whose experiment's?
It was based on Pavlov's experiments.
What is an example of B.F. Skinner's experiments based on operant conditioning?
A classic example of experiments he devised involved teaching a rat to press a bar for food.
What did ethologists Niko Tinbergen, Karl von Frisch, and Konrad Lorenz win a Nobel Prize for in 1973?
They shared the Nobel Prize for their discoveries about the ways individual and social behavior patterns develop in groupings of animals.
Positive Reinforcement
Any immediate pleasant occurance that follows a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Any immediate unpleasant occurance used to create a desired behavior.
Punishment
It is used to decrease a behavior (rather than increase a behavior as in negative reinforcement.)
Positive punishment
It involves *adding* an undesirable occurance to decrease a behavior.
Negative punishment
It involves *removing* a desirable occurance to decrease a behavior.
When does the critical socialization period for dogs occur?
From 4 to 14 weeks.
Aggression
Behavior bred from an impulse to harm another being.
When do puppies tend to develop fear-induced aggression?
Between 8 and 10 weeks of age and near puberty.
Separation Anxiety
The bond is so strong that the dog feels anxiety when separated from the owner.
Conflict-related Aggression
Conflict-related aggression occurs when a dog is exposed to an uncomfortable or uncertain stimulus or conflict. The dog has learned that aggression will allow it to avoid the conflict and uses aggression to lessen its fear of the stimulus.
Avoidance Conditioning
Learning that aggression will avoid conflict.
Fear-induced Aggression
Fear-induced aggression occurs whenever an animal is in a position from which it cannot escape. This is the most common type of aggression seen in animal hospitals.
Predatory Aggression
Instinct to hunt. Predatory aggression differs from other forms of aggression in that the animal won't first give a warning in the form of a growl or other threatening behavior.
Pain-induced Aggression
Aggressive behavior related to pain is a preotective instinct.
Inter-male Aggression
Male dogs and cats commonly display aggression towards each other. This natural instinct is nearly eliminated by castration.
Territorial Aggression
Aggressive tendencies related to territory. Dogs have a tendency to be aggressive toward humns that aren't family members, while cats tend to be aggressive toward other cats in their perceived territory.
Maternal Aggression
Rare, but a normal instinct in the postpaturition period developed to protect an animal's young from danger
What are the most common problems bird owners confront?
1. Persistant screaming or squawking
2. Biting
What are reasons a bird screams or squawks?
1. Birds usually scream at dawn and dusk.
2. Distress
3. Stress from environmental noise
4. To alert owners they have forgotten to give them food or water.
What are 3 reasons that birds bite?
1. Fear
2. Excitement
3. Aggression
What are the most common problems rodent owners confront?
1. Biting
2. Aggression towards other rodents
What screening tool can help identify potential problems nd allow the practice to provide counseling before the problem becomes life threatening?
Behavioral History Form
What are 4 basic factors that apply to all forms of treatment for problem behaviors?
1. Trust
2. Reward
3. Reprimand
4. Consistancy
What are the two basic kinds of rewards?
1. Edible
2. Vocal
What are common treatment techniques for behavior modification?
1. Command-response-reward
2. Clicker training
3. Extinction
4. Aversion Therapy
5. Avoidance Therapy
6. Habituation
7. Punishment
8. Counterconditioning
9. Desensitization
Command-Response-Reward technique
THis technique involves giving a command and immediately rewarding the desired response everytime it is performed, until the pet responds consistantly.
Clicker Training
A clicker is used to signal to the animal that it performed the right behavior and will receive a reward.
Extinction
Elimination of a problem behavior by completely removing the reinforcement for the behavior. i.e begging for food - stop giving food when it begs
Aversion Therapy
Creating a relationship between an unpleasant stimulus and an object that the animal may be marking, chewing, or otherwise damaging. It is used to keep the animal away from a particular object or area. i.e. double-sided sticky tape on a counter to keep cat off
Avoidance Therapy
The use of negative reinforcement to diminish a problem behavior. It is used to discourage the animal from displaying a particular bahavior. i.e. squirting dog with hose whenever he barks (dog shouldn't see owner)
Habituation
Used to treat minor behavior problems. It involves surrounding the animal with stimulus causing the problem until the animal becomes acclimated to the stimulus and is no longer afraid of it.
Punishment
Punishment is used to eliminate an undesireable behavior, NOT used to create a desired behavior, as in negative reinforcement.
Counterconditioning
Replaces an undesirable behavior with a desirable one. It takes a stimulus linked to a negative emotion and reconditions/counterconditions the animal by linking the stimulus to be a positive emotional response.
Desensitization
Diminishing a particular behavior by gradually exposing the animal to the stimulus that produces the inappropriate response. i.e. slowly introducing dog to kids
What is the most common Pharmaceutical therapy employed?
Hormonal therapy, which involves administration of gonadal hormones, in particular, progestin.
What are 3 other methods to treat behavior problems other than through training techniques?
1. Environmental Modification
i.e. moving litterbox
2. Surgical Approaches
i.e. spaying/neutering
3. Pharmaceutical Therapy
(last resort)
Dominance aggression

Aggression that may occur when an owner attempts to assert dominance over a dog, such as by taking its food bowl or a toy away.

Treatment Techniques for Birds
1. Move cage's location to quiet squawking
2. Cover cage for 5-10 mins to quiet squawking.
What procedure is used to train a rodent not to bite when being handled?

1. Place cage in tub
2. Lift animal from cage with a cup and place it in the tub
3. Allow the animal some time to calm down and get used to tub
4. climb in tub with animal
5. Still while animal adjusts to your presence
6. hold hand out on bottom of tub and let animal sniff and walk on hand
7. Place treat in hand and gently stroke animal while it eats from your hand.