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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the single most prevalent chronic disease in childhood?
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obesity
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What are adult diseases that obesity can cause?
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• cardiovascular disease
• depression, low self-esteem, decreased quality of life • early onset puberty • nonalcoholic steathepatitis • type 2 DM • PCOS • pseudotumor cerbri • respiratory disease • slipped capital femoral epiphysis |
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What is the formula for calculating BMI?
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BMI = [weight / (height x height)]
• weight in kg • height in meters |
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What are the different classifications for BMI?
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• underweight: < 18.5
• normal weight: 18.5-24.9 • overweight: 25-29.9 • obesity = BMI of 30 or greater |
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What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis in pediatrics?
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acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
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What are the most common clinical presentations of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
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• edema
• tea-colored or cola-colored urine |
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What is an ASO titer and what does it indicate?
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• anti-streptolysin O antibodies
• 4-fold increase indicates clinical evidence of streptococcal infection |
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What is the treatment for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
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no specific treatment, mainly supportive therapy
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What is the most common glomerular disease worldwide?
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IgA Nephropathy
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Differentiate between nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
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• nephritic syndrome
- hematuria - hypertension - edema - oliguria • nephrotic syndrome - proteinuria - hypoproteinemia - edema - hyperlipidemia |
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What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids?
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minimal change disease (nil disease)
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What are non-pathologic causes of proteinuria?
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• postural (orthostatic proteinuria)
• febrile proteinuria • exercise proteinuria |
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Why do patients with nephrotic syndrome develop hyperlipidemia?
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to compensate for the loss of protein, the liver makes more lipids to maintain oncotic pressure
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What is the usual age of onset of minimal change disease?
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1-8 years old
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What is the treatment of minimal change disease?
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corticosteroids
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What is the 2nd most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids?
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focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS)
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What is the usual age of onset of FSGS?
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8-16 years-old
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A child w/ nephrotic syndrome presents with fever and a diffusely tense abdomen. What is the most likely etiology?
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• spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Strep pneumoniae (most likely bacterial cause)
• predisposed to an encapsulated bacterial infection due to decreased immunoproteins & complement |
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When is urine culture positive for a midstream urine sample? cateheterized specimen? suprapubic tap?
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• midstream urine sample: positive if > 100,000 colonies
• catheterized specimen: positive if > 10,000 colonies • suprapubic tap: positive if > 1000 colonies |
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What is the treatment for cystitis?
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3-5 days of Bactrim (or Nitrofurantoin or Amoxicillin)
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What is the treatment for pyelonephritis?
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• 14 days of antibiotics
• for ill children, IV antibiotics (Ceftriaxone, Ampicillin plus gentamicin) |
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Chilren under the age of 4 with UTIs should be assessed for predisposing factors. What are different methods to assess for
these factors? |
• renal ultrasound (to evaluate for hydronephrosis & anatomical abnormalities)
• voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG): an x-ray of the bladder that evaluates physical abnormalities |
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What is vesicoureteral reflux?
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• retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the ureters and renal pelvis
• predisposed to infection of upper urinary tract and renal scarring |
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Describe the different classifications of vesicoureteral reflux
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• Grade I: into a non-dilated ureter
• Grade II: into the upper collecting system (ureter, pelvis, & calyces); no dilation • Grade III: mild to moderate dilation of ureter & renal pelvis • Grade IV: grossly dilater ureter • Grade V: significant uretral dilation and tortuosity |
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What is the treatment for grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux?
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• antibiotic prophylaxis (Bactrim, Nitrofurantoin)
• monitor by cystography every 12-18 months • surgical correction (for grade IV-V, breakthrough UTIs, or unresolving reflux) |
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What is enuresis?
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bedwetting
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What are the 2 types of enuresis?
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• primary: never dry
• secondary: dry for at least 3-5 months |
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What is the most common cause of secondary enuresis?
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change in the home environment
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