Ped 100 Exam 1

Front 1

Cardiorepiratory System

Back 1

The system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system.

Front 2

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 2

The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs; controlled by the right side of the heart.

Front 3

Systemic Circulation

Back 3

The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body; controlled by the left side of the heart.

Front 4

Venae Cavae

Back 4

The large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart.

Front 5

Atrium

Back 5

One of the two uppper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles.

Front 6

Ventricle

Back 6

One of the two lower chambers of the hart, from which blood flows through arteries to the lungs and other parts of the body.

Front 7

Aorta

Back 7

The body's large artery; receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body.

Front 8

Systole

Back 8

Contraction of the heart.

Front 9

Diastole

Back 9

Relaxation of the heart.

Front 10

Blood Pressure

Back 10

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the bumping action of the heart.

Front 11

Veins

Back 11

Vessels that carry blood to the heart.

Front 12

Arteries

Back 12

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Front 13

Capillaries

Back 13

Very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body.

Front 14

Respiratory System

Back 14

The lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Front 15

Alveoli

Back 15

Tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.

Front 16

Stroke Volume

Back 16

The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat.

Front 17

Cardiac Output

Back 17

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute; a function of heart rate and stroke volume.

Front 18

Metabolic Rate

Back 18

The rate at which the body uses energy.

Front 19

Glucose

Back 19

A simple sugar that circulates in the blood and can be used by cells to fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.

Front 20

Glycogen

Back 20

A complex carbohydrate stored principally in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuelsource during most forms of intense excercise. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose.

Front 21

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 21

The energy souce for cellular processes.

Front 22

Immediate ("explosive") Energy System

Back 22

The system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creating phosphate (CP).

Front 23

Nonoxidative (anaerobic) Energy System

Back 23

The System that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen; also called the anaerobic system or the lactic acid system because chemical reactions take place without oxygen and produce lactic acid.

Front 24

Anaerobic

Back 24

Occuring in the absence of oxygen.

Front 25

Lactic Acid

Back 25

A Metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen

Front 26

Oxidative (Aerobic) Energy System

Back 26

The system that supplies energy to cells through the breakdown of glucose, glycogen, and fats; also called the aerobic system because its chemical reactions require oxygen.

Front 27

Aerobic

Back 27

Dependent on the presence of oxygen.

Front 28

Mitochondria

Back 28

Intracellular structures containging enzymes used in chemicalreactions that convert the energy in food to a form the body can use.

Front 29

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max)

Back 29

The highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body's ability to trasnport and use oxygen; meaured in mililiters of oxygen used per minute per kilogram of body weight.

Front 30

Target Heart Rate Zone

Back 30

The range of heart rates that should be reached and maintained during cardiorepiratory endurance exercise to obtain training effects.

Front 31

Heart Rate Reserve

Back 31

The differnce between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate; used in one method for calculating target heart rate range.

Front 32

MET

Back 32

A unite of measure that represents the body's resting metabolic rate - that is, the energy requirement of the body at rest.

Front 33

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)

Back 33

A system of monitoring exercise intensity based on assigning a number to the subjective perception of target intensity.

Front 34

Cross-training

Back 34

Alternating two or more activities to improve a single component of fitness.

Front 35

Dehydration

Back 35

Excessive loss of body fluid.

Front 36

Heat Cramps

Back 36

Sudden muscle spasms and pain associated with intense exercise in hot weather.

Front 37

Heat Exhaustion

Back 37

Heat illness resulting from exersion in hot weather.

Front 38

Heatstroke

Back 38

A Severe and often fatal heat illness characterized by significantly elevated core body temperature.

Front 39

Hympothermia

Back 39

Low body temperature due to exposure to cold conditions.

Front 40

Frostbite

Back 40

Freezing of body tissue characterized by pallor, numbness, and a loss of cold sensation.

Front 41

Wind Chill

Back 41

A meaure of how cold it feels based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by cold and wind; the temperature that would have the same colling effect on a person as a given combination of temperature and wind speed.

Front 42

Muscle Fiber

Back 42

A single muscle cell, usually classified according to strength, speed on contraction, and energy source.

Front 43

Myofibrills

Back 43

Protein structures that make up muscle fibers.

Front 44

Hypertrophy

Back 44

An increasure in the size of muscle fibers, usually stimulated by muscular overload, as occurs during strength training.

Front 45

Atrophy

Back 45

A decrease in the size of muscle fibers.

Front 46

Hyperplasia

Back 46

An increase in the number of muscle fibers.

Front 47

Slow-twitch fibers

Back 47

Red muscle fibers that are fatigue resistant but have a slow contraction speed and a lower capacity for tension; usually recruited for endurance activities.

Front 48

Fast-twitch fibers

Back 48

White muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fatigue quickly; usually recruited for actions requiring strength and power.

Front 49

Power

Back 49

The ability to exert force rapidly.

Front 50

Motor Unit

Back 50

A Motor nerve (One that initiates movement) connected to one or more muscle fibers.

Front 51

Muscle Learning

Back 51

The improvement in the body's ability to recruit motor units, brought about through strength training.

Front 52

Tendon

Back 52

A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or other body part and transmits the force exerted by the muscle.

Front 53

Ligament

Back 53

A tough band of tissue that connects the ends of bones to other bones or supports organs in place.

Front 54

Cartilage

Back 54

Tough, resilient tissue that acts as a cushion between the bones in a joint.

Front 55

Testosterone

Back 55

The principal male hormone, responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics and important in increasing muscle size.

Front 56

Repititon Maximum (RM)

Back 56

The maximum amount of resistance that can be moved a specified number of times.

Front 57

Repetitions

Back 57

The number of times an exercise is performed during one set.

Front 58

Static (isometric) Exercise

Back 58

Exercise involving a muscle contraction WITHOUT a change in the muscle's length.

Front 59

Dynamic (isotonic) Exercise

Back 59

Exercise involving a muscle contraction WITH a change in the muscle's length.

Front 60

Concentric Muscle Contraction

Back 60

A dynamic contraction in which the muscle gets shorter as it contracts.

Front 61

Eccentric Muscle Contraction

Back 61

A Dynamic contraction in which the muscle lengthens as it contracts; also called a pliometric contraction.

Front 62

Constant Resistance Exercise

Back 62

A type of dynamic exercise that uses a constant load throughout a joint's full range of motion.

Front 63

Variable Resistance Exercise

Back 63

A type of dynamic exercise that uses a changing load, providing a maximum load throughout the joint's full range of motion.

Front 64

Eccentric (Pliometric) Loading

Back 64

Loding the muscle while it is lengthening; sometimes called negatives.

Front 65

Plyometrics

Back 65

Rapid stretching of a muscle group that is undergoing eccentric stress (the muscle is exerting force while it lengthens), followed by a rapid concentric contraction.

Front 66

Kettlebell

Back 66

A large iron weight with a connected handle; used for ballistic weight training exercises wuch as swings and one-arm snatches.

Front 67

Isokinetic

Back 67

The application of force at a constant speed against and equal force.

Front 68

Spotter

Back 68

A person who assists with a weight traning exercise done with free weights.

Front 69

Set

Back 69

A group of repitions followed by a rest period.

Front 70

Agonist

Back 70

A muscle in a state of contraction, opposed by the action of another muscle, its antagonist.

Front 71

Antagonist

Back 71

A muscle that opposes the action of a contracting muscle, its agonist.

Front 72

Range of Motion

Back 72

The full motion possible in a joint

Front 73

Joint Capsules

Back 73

Semielastic structures, composed primarily of connective tissue, that surround major joints.

Front 74

Soft Tissues

Back 74

Tissues of the human body that include skin, fat, linings of internal organs and blood vessels, connective tissues, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.

Front 75

Collagen

Back 75

White fibers that provide structure and support in connective tissue.

Front 76

Elastin

Back 76

Yellow fibers that make connective tissue flexible.

Front 77

Elastic Elongation

Back 77

Temporary change in the length of muscles, endons, and supporting connective tissues.

Front 78

Plastic Elongation

Back 78

Long-term change in the length of muscles, tendons, and supporting connective tissues.

Front 79

Proprioceptor

Back 79

A nerve that sends information about the muscular and skeletal systems to the nervous system.

Front 80

Static Stretching

Back 80

A technique in which a muscle is slowly and gently stretched and then held in that stretched position.

Front 81

Ballistic Stretching

Back 81

A technique in which muscles are stretched by the force generated as a body part is repeatedly bounced, swung, or jerked.

Front 82

Dynamic Stretching

Back 82

A technique in which muscles are stretched by moving joints slowly and fluidly through their range of motion in a controlled manner; also called funtional stretching.

Front 83

Passive Stretching

Back 83

A technique in which muscles are stretched by force applied by an outside source.

Front 84

Active Stretching

Back 84

A technique in which muslces are stretched by the contraction of the opposing muscles.

Front 85

Vertebrae

Back 85

Bony segments composing the spinal column that provide structural support for the body and protect the spinal cord

Front 86

Intervertebral Disk

Back 86

An elastic disk located between adjoining vertebrae, consisting of a gel-and water-filled nucleus surrounded by fibrous rings; serves as a shock absorber for the spinal column.

Front 87

Nerve Root

Back 87

The base of each of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord through spaces between vertebrae.

Front 88

Core Muscles

Back 88

Teh trunk muscles extending from the hips to the upper back.

Front 89

Health-related fitness

Back 89

Physical capacities that contribute to health: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Front 90

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

Back 90

The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high levels of intensity.

Front 91

Muscular Strength

Back 91

The amount of all the vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body.

Front 92

Metabolism

Back 92

The sum of all the vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body.

Front 93

Muscular Endurance

Back 93

The ability of a muscle to remain contracted or to contract repeatedly for a long period of time.