Pearson Mastering Biology Chapters 8-12 Review

Front 1

The net products of glycolysis are:

Back 1

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Front 2

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration

Back 2

electrons are combined with protons and oxygen to make water at the end of the electron transport chain

Front 3

Chlorophyll is found:

Back 3

embedded in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast

Front 4

in noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport:

Back 4

both photosystem 1 and 2 operate

Front 5

Describe the calvin cycle

Back 5

The calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules

Front 6

what is Rubisco

Back 6

Rubisco is found in the Calvin Cycle, It is inhibited by 02, is a very slow enzyme and is a protein

Front 7

How many DNA molecules are in each sister chromatid of a chromosome at metaphase of mitosis

Back 7

1

Front 8

The figure illustrates DNA content in a cell progressing through two rounds of the cell cycle. Which phase or phases show a cell in G2?

Back 8

III

Front 9

Communication between cells is analogous to communication between people. Which form of intercellular communication is most like conversation at a party?

Back 9

paracrine signaling

Front 10

Ligand-receptor binding is most like

Back 10

The interaction of enzyme and substrate

Front 11

Only when the receptor is bound to its ligand can it interact with the first protein in a signal transduction cascade. This is because

Back 11

the receptor bound to its ligand has the proper shape

Front 12

Image the following: you examine proteins in a cell and find one protein that is phosphoylated to unusually high levels. A plausible explantion is that

Back 12

a protein phosphatase is inactive or a protein kinase is overly active.

Front 13

Which is a ligand

Back 13

The ball shaped thingies on the signal cell

Front 14

True or False, a signal binding to the same type of receptor will always lead to the same cellular response

Back 14

False

Front 15

Apoptosis occurs ___________ in cancer cells

Back 15

inefficiently

Front 16

Which is the shortest cell cycle phase

Back 16

M phase

Front 17

Human nuclei contain 46 chromosomes. Therefore, just before mitosis, each nucleus contains ____________ molecules of DNA

Back 17

92

Front 18

A human nucleus entering prophase contains 46 chromosomes. At the end of telophase, each human nucleus contains ________ chromosomes and ________ DNA molecules

Back 18

46:46

Front 19

A particular cyclin called cyclin E forms a complex with a cyclin dependent kinase called CDK 2. This complex is important for the progression from G1 into the S phase of the cell cycle. At what point in the amount of cyclin highest

Back 19

Late in G1 and early S phase

Front 20

What fluctuates throughout the cell cycle?

Back 20

The amount of cyclin and the activity of CdK protein

Front 21

True or false, Mitosis and meiosis occur only in diploid cells

Back 21

False

Front 22

The immediate energy source that drives ATP Synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative pshosphorylation is the

Back 22

H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase

Front 23

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Back 23

glycolysis

Front 24

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

Back 24

Oxygen

Front 25

in mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions:

Back 25

Provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient

Front 26

What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+

Back 26

Pyruvate

Front 27

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, what occurs?

Back 27

The pH of the matrix increases

Front 28

most Co2 from catabolism is released during

Back 28

the citric acid cycle

Front 29

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the calvin cycle with

Back 29

ATP and NADPH

Front 30

What is the correct flow of electrons during photosynthesis

Back 30

H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

Front 31

How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants

Back 31

In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially

Front 32

What is the correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs

Back 32

autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic

Front 33

What are some things that occur during the calvin cycle?

Back 33

consumption of ATP, regeneration of the CO2 acceptor ,carbon fixation , oxidation of NADPH,

Front 34

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is mostly similar to

Back 34

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration

Front 35

Which process is most directly driven by light energy?

Back 35

Removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules

Front 36

Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the ions on opposite sides of the membrane?

Back 36

Ligand-gated ion channel

Front 37

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by:

Back 37

dimerization and phosphorylation

Front 38

Lipid soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but target cells because

Back 38

Intracellular receptors are present only in target cells

Front 39

Consider this pathway:

epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP.

Identify the second messenger

Back 39

cAMP

Front 40

Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?

Back 40

lysis of the cell

Front 41

which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?

Back 41

clycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells

Front 42

Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with what?

Back 42

enzyme activation. activation of protein kinase molecules. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. regulation of transcription by extracellular signaling molecules.

Front 43

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely:

Back 43

A plant cell in the process of cytokinesis

Front 44

Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of micro-tubules, its effectiveness must be related to

Back 44

disruption of mitotic spindle formation

Front 45

One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells

Back 45

continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together

Front 46

The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to

Back 46

The degradation of cyclin

Front 47

In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs wihtout cytokinesis. This will result in

Back 47

cells with more than one nucleus

Front 48

A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in

Back 48

G1

Front 49

The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which aspect of the cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?

Back 49

Cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

Front 50

Catabolic pathway

Back 50

a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

Front 51

Reduction

Back 51

The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

Front 52

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent

Back 52

diploid cell

Front 53

Mitosis

Back 53

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of teh daughter nuclei

Front 54

Induced fit

Back 54

caused by entry of the substrate, athe change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

Front 55

G2 phase

Back 55

the second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

Front 56

feedback inhibition

Back 56

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

Front 57

Somatic cell

Back 57

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors

Front 58

Cyclin dependent kinase

Back 58

A protein kinase that is only active when attached to a particular cyclin

Front 59

cooperativity

Back 59

A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused y substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits

Front 60

noncompetitive inhibitor

Back 60

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product

Front 61

autosome

Back 61

A chromosome that is not directly involved in detemining sex; not a sex chromosome

Front 62

adenylyl cyclase

Back 62

an enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal

Front 63

metaphase

Back 63

The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate

Front 64

photorespiration

Back 64

A metabolic pathway that consumes oygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. Photorespiration generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the o2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of o2 rather than CO2 by rubisco.

Front 65

bar graph

Back 65

a graph in which the independent variable represents groups or nonnumerical categories and the values of the dependent variables are shown by bars

Front 66

lactic acid fermentation

Back 66

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide

Front 67

crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Back 67

An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first icovere in the family crassulaceae. In this process, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night; during theday, Co2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle.