Pdbio 120 - Lecture 6 - Carbohydrates And Lipids

Front 1

<b>Sugars</b> are molecules of various carbon lengths that contain _______ groups and a _______ group

Back 1

_______ are molecules of various carbon lengths that contain <b>hyroxyl</b> groups and a <b>carbonyl</b> group

Front 2

<b>All</b> sugars in living organisms are of the _______ form

Back 2

_______ [few/most/all] sugars in living organisms are of the <b>D-optical isomer</b> form

Front 3

<b>Sugars</b> vary in their number of _______

Back 3

_______ vary in their number of <b>carbons</b>

Front 4

Sugars of <b>the same carbon length</b> can have different configurations of _______ groups

Back 4

Sugars of _______ can have different configurations of <b>hydroxyl</b> groups

Front 5

<b>Most</b> large sugars (5 and 6 carbons) in living organisms are _______ in form

Back 5

_______ [few/most/all] large sugars (5 and 6 carbons) in living organisms are <b>cyclic</b> in form

Front 6

The <b>hydroxyl</b> group in carbon 1 of the cyclic form can have two orientations: The _______ and _______ form

Back 6

The _______ group in carbon 1 of the cyclic form can have two orientations: The <b>alpha (α)</b> and <b>beta (β)</b> form

Front 7

When <b>two sugars</b> link together a _______ is produced

Back 7

When _______ link together a <b>disaccharide</b> is produced

Front 8

_______ linkages between sugars can <b>be broken down by animals</b>

Back 8

<b>Alpha (α)</b> linkages between sugars can _______

Front 9

_______ linkages between sugars can <b>not be broken down by animals. Bacteria can break these linkages</b>

Back 9

<b>Beta (β)</b> linkages between sugars can _______

Front 10

<b>Alpha (α)</b> linkages between sugars have have OH groups and CH₂OH groups on the _______ [same/opposite] side of linkage

Back 10

_______ linkages between sugars have OH groups and CH₂OH groups on <b>same</b> side of linkage

Front 11

<b>Beta (β)</b> linkages between sugars have have OH groups and CH₂OH groups on the _______ [same/opposite] side of linkage

Back 11

_______ linkages between sugars have OH groups and CH₂OH groups on the <b>opposite</b> side of linkage

Front 12

Monosaccharides (generally <b>glucose</b>) can be _______ together to form very long chains

Back 12

Monosaccharides (generally _______) can be <b>polymerized</b> together to form very long chains

Front 13

Chains of polysaccharides with __,__ linkages form <b>long chains</b>

Back 13

Chains of polysaccharides with <b>1,4</b> linkages form _______

Front 14

Chains of polysaccharides with __,__ linkages form <b>branch points</b>

Back 14

Chains of polysaccharides with <b>1,6</b> linkages form _______

Front 15

In biology, _______ and _______ are <b>storage</b> forms of sugars

Back 15

In biology, <b>starch</b> and <b>glycogen</b> are _______ forms of sugars

Front 16

_______ is the form in which glucose is stored in <b>plants</b>

Back 16

<b>Starch</b> is the form in which glucose is stored in _______

Front 17

_______ is the form in which glucose is stored in <b>animals</b>

Back 17

<b>Glycogen</b> is the form in which glucose is stored in _______

Front 18

The polysaccharide _______ has <b>more</b> branch points than _______

Back 18

The polysaccharide <b>glycogen</b> has _______ [less/more] branch points than <b>starch</b>

Front 19

Both the _______ linkage of the glycogen and starch straight chains and the _____ linkage at the branch points can be <b>hydrolyzed</b> by animals

Back 19

Both the <b>α-1,4</b> linkage of the glycogen and starch straight chains and the <b>α-1,6</b> linkage at the branch points can be _______ by animals

Front 20

<b>Cellulose</b> is long chains of glucose molecules linked in _______ linkages

Back 20

_______ is long chains of glucose molecules linked in <b>β-1,4</b> linkages

Front 21

Every other glucose molecules are flipped in cellulose, thus permitting _______ to form between adjacent polymers of cellulose. This increases the <b>rigidity of the molecule</b>

Back 21

Every other glucose molecules are flipped in cellulose, thus permitting <b>hydrogen bonds</b> to form between adjacent polymers of cellulose. This increases the _______

Front 22

<b>Chitin</b> is formed by polymers of _______

Back 22

_______ is formed by polymers of <b>n-acetyl-glucoseamine</b>

Front 23

<b>Chitin</b> is used in _______

Back 23

_______ is used in <b>the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans</b>

Front 24

<b>Peptidoglycan</b> is formed by polymers of _______ and _______

Back 24

_______ is formed by polymers of <b>n-acetyl-muramic acid</b> and <b>n-acetyl-glucosamine</b>

Front 25

<b>Peptidoglycan</b> is used in _______

Back 25

_______ is used in <b>the cell walls of bacteria</b>

Front 26

Lipids are <b>hydrophobic</b> because of the sections of the molecules that only have _______ and _______ atoms

Back 26

Lipids are _______ because of the sections of the molecules that only have <b>carbon</b> and <b>hydrogen</b> atoms

Front 27

_______ in living systems are generally 14 to 20 carbons in length and the majority of the molecules consist of only <b>carbon</b> and <b>hydrogen</b> atoms

Back 27

<b>Fatty acids</b> in living systems are generally 14 to 20 carbons in length and the majority of the molecules consist of only _______ and _______ atoms

Front 28

_______ fatty acids have <b>only single bonds</b> between the carbon atoms

Back 28

<b>Saturated</b> fatty acids have ______ between the carbon atoms

Front 29

_______ fatty acids have <b>one or more (may have as many as 4 in biological systems) double bonds</b> between the carbon atoms

Back 29

<b>Unsaturated</b> fatty acids have _______ between the carbon atoms

Front 30

In <b>unsaturated</b> fatty acids, a kink in the chain of carbon atoms occurs at the point of _______

Back 30

In ______ fatty acids, a kink in the chain of carbon atoms occurs at the point of <b>a double bond</b>

Front 31

_______ are glycerol, a sugar, linked to three <b>fatty acids</b>

Back 31

<b>Triglycerides</b> are glycerol, a sugar, linked to three _______

Front 32

The formation of a bond between <b>fatty acids</b> and <b>glycerol</b> is called a/an _______

Back 32

The formation of a bond between _______ and _______ is called an <b>ester linkage</b>

Front 33

In <b>triglycerides</b>, the formation of ester linkages is a _______ reaction

Back 33

In _______, the formation of ester linkages is a <b>condensation</b> reaction

Front 34

The formation of an ester linkage requires _______ and <b>added energy</b>

Back 34

The formation of an ester linkage requires <b>at least one enzyme</b> and _______

Front 35

_______ are formed from <b>glycerol</b>, <b>two fatty acids</b>, <b>a head group</b>, and <b>phosphate</b>

Back 35

<b>Phospholipids</b> are formed from _______, _______, _______, and _______

Front 36

In <b>phospholipids</b>, 1) fatty acids are bonded to glycerol, 2) phosphate is bonded to glycerol, and 3) phosphate is bonded to the head group. All of these bonds are formed by _______ reactions.

Back 36

In _______, 1) fatty acids are bonded to glycerol, 2) phosphate is bonded to glycerol, and 3) phosphate is bonded to the head group. All of these bonds are formed by <b>condensation</b> reactions.

Front 37

Components of a phospholipid:
A) _______
B) _______
C) _______
D) _______

Back 37

[Diagram]

Components of a phospholipid:
<b>A) Head group
B) Phosphate
C) Glycerol
D) Fatty acid</b>

Front 38

The <b>head group</b> of phospholipids are _______ whereas the <b>glycerol and fatty acids part of the molecule</b> are _______

Back 38

The _______ of phospholipids are <b>polar</b> whereas the _______ are <b>non-polar</b>

Front 39

The tails (fatty acids) of the phospholipids with two _______ fatty acids are <b>parallel</b> to each other

Back 39

The tails (fatty acids) of the phospholipids with two <b>saturated</b> fatty acids are _______ to each other

Front 40

The tails (fatty acids) of the phospholipids with two _______ fatty acids are <b>not parallel</b> to each other

Back 40

The tails (fatty acids) of the phospholipids with two <b>unsaturated</b> fatty acids are _______ to each other

Front 41

The ring structure of <b>cholesterol</b> can be modified to form _______

Back 41

The ring structure of _______ can be modified to form <b>steroids</b>

Front 42

In mammals, <b>steroids</b> function as ________ and include testosterone and estrogens.

Back 42

in mammals _______ function as <b>hormones</b> and include testosterone and estrogens