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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epithelial Tissue |
Functions as a covering of the inside or outside of a cell
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Connective Tissue
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Can be loose, dense, adipose tissue cartlige, bone or blood that uses fibers and a grounding secreting cell
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Skeletal system fuction
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Used for protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood production
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Bone Formation
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Osteoblasts are used in the formation of bone while osteoclasts are used in the destruction of bone
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Axial Skeleton
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Central part of the skeletal system that includes the skull, vertabrae column, rib cage and sternum
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Muscular function
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Work by using a pair of antagonizing or opposing muscles such as the biceps and triceps to perform movement
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Muscle Structure
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Muscles are made of muscle fibers which are made of bundles of myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of two proteins called myosin and actin which play a role in the sliding filament model
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Myosin
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Used as one of two proteins in the sliding filament model
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Actin
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Used as one of two proteins in the sliding filament model
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Types of muscle
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Smooth and Striated muscle
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Smooth Muscle
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Used in autonomic functions such as regulatory processes
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Striated Muscle
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Used in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle that is mostly controlled by the somatic system
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Nervous System: General
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Used in sensory functions and controlling movement
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Neuron
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Basic unit of the nervous system
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Nervous system Synapse
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Place where signal transmission occurs
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemicals stored in the synapse and released to signal the next cell
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Action potential
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Going from the resting potential of -70 millivolts to a positively charged cell which in turn activate the next cell
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Involves the involuntary functions such as heart beat, digestion, breathing, etc.
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Somatic Nervous Systrm
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Controls voluntary movement and also, normally, uses skeletal muscle
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Reflexes
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Usually occur because they don't go to the brain but use the spinal column and come back for a quicker response
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Cerebrum
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Functions to process sensory information and memory
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Cerebellum
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Receives information from muscles and receptors to control balance and coordinate movement
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Cornea
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Front layer of the eye
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Lens
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Within the anterior chamber of the eye
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Iris
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What controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
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Retina
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On the posterior side of the eye, before the optic nerve
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Optic Nerve
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Used to send signals from the eye to the brain
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Outer ear
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Functions to collect sound and sending it to the ear drum through the auditory canal
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Tympanic Membrane
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Eardrum
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Middle Ear
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Separated by the tympanic membrane or eardrum to send vibrations to the small set of bones
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Eustachian Tube
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Tube that connects the middle ear to the pharynx and is used to equalize pressure
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Inner Ear
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Made up of cochlea which processes sound and sends it to the brain. And 3 semicircular canals which function for balance
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Use of 3 semicircular canals
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Used for balance
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Plasma
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Fluid portion containing water, proteins, and oxygen
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Erythrocytes
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Red Blood Cells. Carry oxygen via hemoglobin. Old RBC are taken to the liver and spleen for disposal
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Hemoglobin
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Carry oxygen in the blood using iron
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Leukocytes
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White Blood cells and function as the immune system to protect the body against disease.
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Pulmonary circulation
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Oxygen poor blood GOES from the right ventricle TO pulmonary artery. Oxygen rich blood RETURNS from the lungs via the Pulmonary artery. It then enters the left atrium and then goes to the left ventricle
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Upper Respiratory Tract
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Consists of the nasal cavity, sinuses, middle ear, oral cavity, pharynx, and the lsrynx (voice box)
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Bronchi and Bronchioles
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The bronchus leads into the lungs and spreads out to form the bronchioles in the lung
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Alveoli
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The air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange takes place
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Diaghram
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Sheet of muscle that marks the boundary between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm drops down to create a vacuum which then sucks in air or known as negative pressure breathing
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Hormones
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Chemical messengers used for 2 purposes- steroidal which are mainly produced by the testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands. Non- steroidal hormones are usually peptide.
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Tropic Hormones
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Hormones that effect the endocrine glands
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Hypothalmus
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Controls body temperature and other autonomic functions and produces various hormones
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Pituitary Gland
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Produces GH, ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), FSH (Folloicle Stimulating Hormone), and LH (Leutinizing Hormone)
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Ovulation controlled by...
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FSH and LH
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Pineal Gland
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Influences melatonin which influences biological clock
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Thyroid
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Thyroxin and other related molecules are needed for metabolism. Iodine is needed for the production of thyroid hormones
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Adrenal Gland
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Cortisol used to raise pressure, reduces immune function; aldosterone is used to act on the kidney's Na/K; and epinephrine and norepinephrine are used during stress
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Pancreas
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Used to produce insulin and glucagon used for glucose metabolism.
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Amylase
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Enzyme in saliva used to breakdown starch
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Proteases
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Enzyme that breaks down protein that is present in saliva and gastric secretions
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Lipases
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Enzyme to break down lipids
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Salivary Glands
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Starts the digestive process. Largest of the Salivary glands is the parotid glands
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Duodenum
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First portion of the intestine after the stomach separated by the pyloric sphincter
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Ilium
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Majority of digestion and nutrient absorbtion . Uses thousands of villi to increase surface area.
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Large Intestine
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Deals largely with water in absorption and placing water into fecal !matter
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Gall Bladder
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Releases bile into the duodenum used in digetion
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Kidneys
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Major excretory organ and has a massive amount of blood flowing through them constantly.
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Nephrons
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The basic functional units of the kidney
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Glomeruli
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Site in the kidney where filtration occurs and involves active transport to eliminate materials not wanted by the body
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Bacterial ecology
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Many are decomposers while others are photosynthetic and can live in a wide variety of habitats; such as extremophiles
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Prokaryotes
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Has a nucleoid and not a nucleus with no membrane bound organelles but only has smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes.
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Cocci-
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Meaning spherical bacteria
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Bacci-
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Meaning rod shaped bacteria
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Spiral Bacteria
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Vibrios (Half-spiral) and spirochetes (Tightly wound spirals)
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Peptidoglycan
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Rigid layer outside of the bacterial membrane. Can be Gram positive or negative
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Gram Positive
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Retains the crystal purple dye during a gram stain due to a large peptidoglycan layer
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Gram Negative
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Will turn pink after the counter stain due to a small peptidoglycan layer and a liposaccharide layer
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Flagella
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Main purpose is for movement in bacterial cells
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Fimbrae
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Hair like structures used for attachment to structures
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Pilli
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Used to transfer DNA from one prokaryote to another
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Glycocalyx
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A layer used to protect the bacteria or used to adhere to surfaces
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Protozoans
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Are eukaryotes, single celled and move by a variety of means, including: flagella, cillia, or amoebiod motion
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Protozoan cyst
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Tough survival stage, like an endospore but this is usually the stage that transmits the disease
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Trophozoite
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Protozoan stage that remains before and after the cyst formation
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Fungi
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Single and multi cellular. Can reproduce asexually or sexually through spores. These spores are used in the transmission of fungal diseases.
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Lichen
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Form a symbiotic relationship between mold and algae. In which the algae grows via photosynthesis and the fungi attaches to the surface
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Helminths
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Parasitic worm. The most common place for these worms is in the intestine which usually are derived from undercooked red meat such as beef and pork.
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Viruses
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Usually only consisting of a protein coat, RNA or DNA, and sometimes an envelope. They are not considered living cells
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Obligate Intracellular Parasites
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Require a living host cell to perform all the functions of life such as: metabolism, protein synthesis, etc.
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Steps of Viral Replicarion
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1) Attachment. 2) Penetration [by endocytosis or envelope fusion] 3) Uncoating. 4) Synthesis. 5) Maturation or Assembly. 6) RELEASE THE KRAKEN
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Viral Latency
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Period of dormancy in which the viral DNA remains in the host DNA to activate and spread later
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Influenza Virus
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Infects the upper respiratory tract. The virus usually changes its surface proteins which is why viralence can reccur within one host.
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Natural Active Immunity
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Protection gained from responding an infection
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Natural Passive Immunity
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Protection produced from by a mother and passed to their child
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Artificial Active Immunity
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Protection via an immunization
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Artificial Passive Immunity
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Protection when antibodies of one animal are transferred to another
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Neutrophils
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Most abundance cell of the leukocytes and is mostly phagocytic
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Basophils
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Contains granules of histamine and other mediators that cause inflammation
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Lymphocytes
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T and B cells that are involved in specific immunity and NK cells are involved in non specific immunity
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Lymph Nodes
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Found throughout the body to protect a specific region of the body. Used as a site of interaction between the body and an antigen
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Thymus
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Site where T cells mature
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Spleen
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Used to function to protect the blood from antigens and to remove old RBCs
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T Cells
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Carry out cell mediated response that produce signaling molecules called cytokines
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Helper T Cells
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Activate other T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NK cells
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Suppressor T Cells
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Shut down other cells
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Cytotoxic T Cells
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Bind to the infectious cells and open them up to toxins and perforins
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B Cells
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Produce antibodies. These proteins bind specifically to antigens. But mainly protect against viral and bacterial infections
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IgA
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Protects mucosal membranes and therefore respiratory and digestive tracts
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IgG
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Most common immunoglobulin in serum and can cross the placentsl barrier (e.g. maternal antibodies)
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IgD
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Is on the surface of B Cells
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IgE
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On basophils and other cells to protect against the cells from infection
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IgM
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Largest antibody and is mainly in the blood stream
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Genes
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Basic unit of genetic material
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Alleles
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Two different forms of the same gene that help determine phenotype
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Blood Types
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Depends on the antigen present. Type A has A antigen on the surface
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Taxonomy
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Branch of biology that studies the classification of organisms
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Algae
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Group of single or multi cellular organisms which live in or near aquatic environments
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Bryophytes
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Or known as moss. Must love near water and has rhizoids instead of roots
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Ferns
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Most basic vascular plant. And uses spores to reproduce
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Gymnosperms
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Use cones instead of flowers to reproduce
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Angiosperms
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Use flower as to reproduce and almost all plants belong in the group
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Arthropods
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Largest group that incorporates 75-80% of all animals. Has specialized regions, an exoskeleton, and undergoes metamorphosis
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Vertebrates
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Has a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, a tail, and segmentastion
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