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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plant hormones are produced in _______ quantities and have effects in different plant ________. |
Small; tissues |
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What is phototropism? |
Plant shoot growth in response to directional light |
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Distinction between hormone and growth regulator |
Hormones are produced within the plant; growth regulator is any hormone (synthetic or natural) that is applied |
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The five plant hormones we reviewed are: |
1. Auxin 2. Gibberellins 3. Cytokinins 4. Abscisic acid 5. Ethylene |
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Where is Auxin produced? |
Shoot apical meristems, young leaves, buds |
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What are 4 things auxin does? |
1. Stimulate cell expansion all over plant 2. Induce root primary growth and branching 3. Promote differentiation in vascular tissue 4. Inhabits axillary bud growth and shoot branches |
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Name two synthetic auxins |
2.4-D (stimulate root growth in low amounts) 2,4,5-T (agent orange) |
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How were gibberellins discovered? |
“Foolish Seeing Disease” or rice caused by GA fungi |
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How many known natural forms of GA? |
110 |
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Where is GA produced? |
Seed embryos, young shoots, flowers |
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What are 3 things GA does? |
1. Promotes/stimulates cell division/elongation in shoots (works w/ auxin) 2. Stimulates flower and cones development 3. Application during early fruit development will result in larger fruit spaced further apart (seedless grapes) |
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Where are cytokinins produced? |
Roots and germinating seeds |
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What are three things cytokinins do? |
1. Promote cell division all over plant 2. Stimulate shoot production (primary growth) 3. Delay senescence of vegetative organs and cut flowers |
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What type of hormone is Abscisic Acid (ABA)? |
Conservation hormone |
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ABA is produced/found in: |
Mature leaves, roots, fruits, seeds before germination |
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What are three things ABA does? |
1. Induces/maintains dormancy (seeds) 2. High levels accumulate during drought stress (guard cells to close) 3. Influences rate and extent of H2O and sugar movement into storage in fruits/seeds |
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What is ethylene? |
C2H4 released as gas |
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Where did the expression “one bad apple ruins the whole barrel” come from? |
Ethylene production is released and ripens other fruits faster |
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Four things about the production of ethylene and what it does: |
1. Bruising or injury causes production 2. Induces fruit ripening 3. Stimulates leaf and fruit drop 4. Accumulates in response to roots when encountering a barrier |
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What is the balance of hormones in apical dominance? |
High auxin levels and low cytokinin levels (when sources of auxin are removed, axillary buds begin growing) |
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What is the balance of hormones in leaf abscission? |
Low levels of auxin and higher levels of ethylene (auxin prevents abscission and vice versa) |
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What is the balance of hormones during germination? |
ADA prevents germination, GA (and auxins and cytokinins) promote it |
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How does water move upward through a plant against gravity? |
Transpiration |
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What is transpiration? |
The loss of water vapor from plant tissues via stomata |
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What conditions result in higher transpiration rates? |
Hot/Dry/Windy |
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When stomata opens and water vapor escapes from leaves, the ______ ______ of those leaves behind to decline |
Water potential |
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What is water potential? |
Potential energy of water, calculated by adding physical pressure and solute concentration effects |
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What is turgor pressure? |
Pressure that results from water absorption or movement of water from one cell to another (typically the higher the turgor pressure the higher the water potential) |
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Water can be pulled from the soil into the roots and up through the plant because of its _______ _______ |
Cohesive properties (hydrogen bonds) |
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A high transpiration rate will result in.... |
More water being absorbed from the soil and moved through the plant (if available) |
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What do you call the bodies in cells that fall in direction of gravity? (found in root caps) |
Amyloplasts |
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What’s a tropism? |
Growth response to a directional stimulus |
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What is a growth response in direction of light? |
Phototropism |
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What plant hormone was discovered due to examination of phototropic response of shoot tips? |
Auxin |
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Shoots are _______ gravitropic, roots are _______ gravitropic |
Negatively; positively |
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Examples of plants that experience organ movements due to increase/decrease in turgor from a stimulus |
-Venus flytrap -Mimosa leaves folding at night -Twining of vines -"Sleep movements" (shamrock leaf closure) |
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What is cellular respiration depicted as? |
C6H12O6 + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O |
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These aerobic cellular respiration reactions result in the net production of _____ molecules of ATP as well as the controlled release of _____. |
36; heat |
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What is another metabolic pathway, besides aerobic respiration, that results in only 2 ATP? |
Fermentation |
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What are the inputs and outputs of aerobic respiration? |
Inputs: Sugar, oxygen Outputs: CO2, H2O, ATP |
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What are the inputs and outputs of fermentation? |
Inputs: Sugar Outputs: CO2, Ethanol, ATP |
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Name four products produced by fermenting plant materials |
Beer, bread, vinegar, kombucha, wine, chocolate, soy sauce, miso, tempeh, kimchi, sake, tabasco |
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Why are specialized metabolites produced? (3) |
1. Protection and defense 2. Chemical attractants 3. Plant-plant competition |
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Where do specialized metabolites come from and how are they made? |
From intermediate molecules and products of photosynthesis (respiration) |
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Name four specialized metabolites |
1. Phenolics 2. Terpenoids 3. Alkaloids 4. Cyanogenic Glycosides |
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What are phenolics produced from? |
Amino acid phenylalanine |
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Examples of phenolics |
-Lignin (secondary cell wall) -Tannins -Anthocyanins -THC -Salicyclic acid -Urushiol -Allelopathic chemicals -Flavonols |
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Three examples of antioxidants |
1. Tannins 2. Anthocyanins 3. Flavonols |
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What is the most diverse group of specialized metabolites? |
Terpenoids |
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Examples of terpenoids |
-Pine and cedar "scent" -Essential oils -Natural rubber -Accessory pigments -Taxol |
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Examples of essential oils |
-Mint family -Citrus -Tea Tree -Eucalyptus |
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Alkaloids have a ____ PH and are found in ____% of all plant species. |
high; 25 |
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Examples of alkaloids |
Caffeine, atropine, morphine, codeine, opium, cocaine, coniine, mescaline, nicotine, strychnine |
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What are sugar containing compounds that, upon reaction with specific enzymes, release hydrogen cyanide |
Cyanogenic Glycosides (compounds store in vacuole, enzymes stored in cytoplasm) |
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Examples of cyanogenic glycosides |
cherries, apricots, apple seeds, bitter almonds, cassava, hydrangeas, flax, honeysuckle |
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Examples of plant biotechnology |
1. Utilization of plant products and processes 2. Tissue culture 3. Gene sequencing 4. Biofuel production |
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3 biotech tools |
1. targeted manipulation 2. tissue, cell, sub-cellular localization of expression products 3. measuring gene expression/function |
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What are the plants in which DNA from other species has been integrated? |
Transgenic |
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What is transformation? |
the genetic manipulation of a cell resulting from delivery and incorporation of DNA |
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What is a tumor-like growth in a cell called? |
Crown gull tumor |
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__________ effectively transformed dicots, but not effective for monocots |
Agrobacterium |
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What is biolisitcs or microprojectile bombardment |
Uses a particle gun or "gene gun" |
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What are some traits that have been engineered into plants? |
Input -insect resistance -herbicide tolerance -pathogen resistance Output -improved nutritional content -reduced oxidation of cut fruits and other organs |
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What is ecology? |
Study of organisms interactions with their environment and one another |
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Levels of ecology |
1. Population 2. Community 3. Ecosystem 4. Landscape |
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What is a biological community? |
Group of species/populations living in one area that have the potential to interact physically and chemically |
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What are the four community composition measures? |
1. Richness 2. Density 3. Relative abundance of a species 4. Diversity |
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What is community richness? |
The number of different species present |
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What is community density? |
Number of individuals within a given area and/or accounting for their physical footprint |
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What is the relative abundance of a species? |
Number of individuals of a species compared to the other species present |
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What is community diversity? |
High richness with high abundance |
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What are some abiotic factors that are important in assessing community composition and change? |
Soil, temperature, precipitation, altitude, air quality, sunlight availability, humidity, fire, slope, wind |
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What are ecosystems? |
Communities together with abiotic factors (may be large or small) |
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What are biomes? |
Largest category/scale of organization (based on trends in climate, plant composition, and topography |
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What biome do we live in? |
Temperate deciduous forest |
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What are some major biomes in North America? |
Tundra, taiga, tropical rainforest, grassland, desert, mountain forest |
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Some causes of biodiversity loss |
Habitat destruction, introduced species, overexploitation of species |
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Examples of invasive species |
-Kudzu -Japanese stilt grass -Mimosa |
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What is a species that has potential to become endangered throughout most or all of its growth range? |
Threatened species |
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What is a species that has potential to become extinct throughout most or all of its growth range? |
Endangered species |
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Examples of threatened species in NC |
Venus flytrap, mountain golden heather, seabeach (141 species NC) |
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Examples of endangered species in NC |
Sandhills fire Lilly, Georgia leadplant, pixie moss (158 species NC) |
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What are producers? |
Photosynthesizers (autotrophs); convert light energy into chemical energy |
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What are consumers? |
Obtain chemical energy through heterotrophy |
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Most energy is lost as it moves through the _____ levels of the ecosystem |
Trophic |
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How do we typically measure the chemical energy in the food chain? |
Calories |
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Biomass is defined as: |
Amount of living matter in an ecosystem or other measurable area |
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Primary productivity is... |
the rate which producers build biomass |
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Primary productivity is highest in __________ and lowest in ________. |
Algal beds and tropical rainforest; desert scrub and open ocean |
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What is the damage to communities or ecosystems, at least temporarily, that may hinder or destroy organisms and alter resource availability called? |
Disturbance |
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Examples of disturbances |
Fire, pollution, disease, natural disaster, human event |
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What is ecological succession? |
Ordered progression of changes in a community's composition (progression from colonization to climax community, typically a biome) |
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Difference between primary and secondary succession |
primary occurs where there is no soil or no previous plants (volcano rock, receding glaciers) and secondary occurs where there were soil and other plants that were disturbed (abandoned crop field, forest fire) |
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What is a community where the terminal group of species are dominant in the community (end point of succession) |
Climax community |
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The most major human disturbance is: |
Habitat destruction |
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How do humans contribute to habitat destruction? |
Pollution, soil salinization, deforestation, acidification, ditching and draining wetlands |
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What are three human disturbances? |
1. Habitat destruction 2. Introduction of invasive species 3. Overcollecting |
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Who controls the introduction of species? |
USDA (APHIS) (set plant quarantine requirement and criteria) |
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Removing plant biomass contributes to global accumulation of ____________. |
Carbon dioxide |
