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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Albumin
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the water magnet ...is a large protein molecule that attracts water back into the capillary thru osmosis
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Kidneys respond to fluid excess by excreting more dilute urine and fluid loss by conserving water
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Urinary excretion rate of below 20 ml/hour indicates renal failure
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ADH(vasopresin)
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produced in the brain- stored in posterior pituitary gland- osmoreceptors- affects ECF
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Epithelial cells that monitor renal blood flow/pressure and stimulate JG cells to release renin.It is also sensitive to the sodium content and influences the effects of aldosterone on sodium retention
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Macula densa
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JG cells
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Synthesize and release renin when there is a drop in BP or ECF
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Aldosterone
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secreted by adrenal cortex- influences sodium balance- indirectly regulates water balance- renin/angiotensin
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what is atrial Natriuetic peptide?
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A cardiac hormone (ANP) stored in the atria and released when atrial pressure increases and Opposes the renin-angiotension system by decreasing blood pressure and reducing intravascular blood volume
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accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces
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edema
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anasarca
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generalized edema
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what are the causes of edema?
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increased capillary membrane permeability, decreased osmotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure, obstruction of lymph flow
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Increases the distance required for nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to move between capillaries and tissues
Increased tissue pressure may diminish capillary blood flow Wounds heal more slowly, infection increases, increase in pressure sores Third spacing of fluid means this fluid is not available for metabolic processes |
manifestations of edema
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Diuretic therapy commonly is used to treat edema
Edema of the lower extremities may respond to simple measures such as: Elevating the feet Elastic support stockings and sleeves These support devices are most efficient if applied before the tissue spaces have filled with fluid in the morning, for example, before the effects of gravity have caused fluid to move into the ankles. Albumin “water magnet” can be administered intravenously to raise the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure when edema is caused by hypoalbuminemia. |
treatment of edema
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what are the functions of electrolytes?
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Regulate water distribution
Govern acid-base balance Transmit nerve impulses Contribute to energy generation and blood clotting |
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Sodium
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135-145, 5-6 grams aday, regulates osmolity, Helps maintain neuromuscular irritability for conduction of nerve impulses
Regulates acid-base balance through sodium bicarbonate and sodium phosphate Participates in cellular reactions, membrane transport |
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What Regulates Sodium
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Kidney
Regulates sodium balance through renal tubular reabsorption Hormonal regulation Mediated by aldosterone a mineralcorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex Stimulated by circulating Na+, K+, volume levels Renin-angiotensin system |
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Hormones produced by the heart, brain, and kidney which decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
ANP – atrial natriuretic peptide BNP – brain natriuretic peptide |
Natriuretic Hormone (peptides)
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Acute gain in sodium causes intracellular dehydration
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hypernatrmia
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tachy, low jugular vein distension, hypotension
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signs of hypernatremia
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gas syndrome
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adrenal cortex enlarge, thymus shrinks, bleeding gastric ulcers
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alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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3 stages of GAS
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Body’s defenses mobilized “fight or flight”
Characterized by a generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system: Catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine Cortisol |
alarm stage
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The body selects the most effective and economic channels of defense
The cortical levels begin to drop, because they are no longer needed |
resistance stage
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Resources are depleted and the signs of “wear and tear” or systemic damage appears
Disorders of cardiovascular, gastrointestional, immune, neurologic systems, as well as depression, alcoholism, drug abuse, eating disorders, suicide |
exhaustion
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Sympathetic nervous system aroused during stress causes adrenal medulla to release:
Catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Simutaneously hypothalamic CRF stimulates pituitary to release: ADH, prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release Cortisol |
neuroendocrine regulation
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Catecholamines
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Circulate in plasma, loose association with albumin
Cannot cross blood-brain barrier Stimulate two major classes of receptors Alpha adrenergic receptors 1 & 2 Beta adrenergic receptors 1 & 2 |
