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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are a persons first and second lines of immune defense?
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Innate (nonspecific) defenses
Surface barriers (skin + mucous membranes) and Internal defenses (phagocytes, fever, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation) |
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What is a persons third line of defense?
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Adaptive (specific) defenses
Humoral immunity -B cells Cellular immunity -T cells |
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What are the components of the lymphoid structures?
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Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, tonsils
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What are the three types of lymphocytes?
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B, T, NK cells
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What does keratin do?
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On skin, provides physical barrier to microorganisms, resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins
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What is the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)?
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A cytokine active in the inflammatory and immune responses; stimulates fever, chemotaxis,mediator of tissue wasting, stimulates T cells, mediator of septic shock, stimulates necrosis in some tumors
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Which two chemical mediators are derived from mast cells and basophils?
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Histamine and Leukotrienes
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What are cytokines produced by?
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Macrophages
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What are the function of Basophils?
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White blood cells that bind to IgE and release histamine in anaphylaxis
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What are the function of Eosinophils?
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White blood cells that participate in allergic response
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What is the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)?
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A cytokine active in the inflammatory and immune responses; stimulates fever, chemotaxis,mediator of tissue wasting, stimulates T cells, mediator of septic shock, stimulates necrosis in some tumors
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Which two chemical mediators are derived from mast cells and basophils?
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Histamine and Leukotrienes
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What are cytokines produced by?
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Macrophages
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What are the function of Basophils?
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White blood cells that bind to IgE and release histamine in anaphylaxis
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What are the function of Eosinophils?
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White blood cells that participate in allergic response
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What is the chief of phagocytic cells?
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Macrophages, neutrophils become phagocytic when encountering infectious material
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What are eosinophils weakly phagocytic against?
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Parasitic worms
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What are Toll like receptors (TLR's)
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Macrophages and dendritic cells that line the gastrointestingal tract they recognize specific microbes and start the appropriate immune response in cytokines starting the inflammatory response
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How many different TLRs have been identified in humans?
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10
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What are the two most important antimicrobial proteins?
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Complement proteins and interferons
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What is PKR and what is its function?
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PKR is an antiviral protein activated in neighboring cells to a virus infected cells by interferons, PKR nonspecifically blocks viral reproduction in the neighboring cell
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Which INF (interferon) is FDA approved to treat hepatitis?
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alpha interferon
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What interferon types do lymphocytes secrete?
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Gamma Interferon
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What interferon do most white blood cells secrete?
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Alpha Interferon
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Which part of the body secretes beta interferons?
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Fibroblasts
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What is opsonization?
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Complement protein C3b coats the surface of bacterial molecule which enhances phagocytosis
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What is a Hapten?
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Small molecules such as peptides, nucleotides etc, that are not immunogenic but are reactive when binded to a protein carrier
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What is MHC?
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Major Histocompatible Complex- they mark a cell as a self cell
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Where are Class 1 MHC proteins found?
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virturally all body cells
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Where are Class 2 MHC proteins found?
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Found on certain cells in immune response
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How would a person recieve naturally aquired active immunity?
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Infection;contact with pathogen and immune response
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How would a person recieve naturally aquired passive immunity?
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Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta
protects infant for first few months of its life until it can develop its immune system |
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How would a person recieve artifically aquired active immunity?
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Vaccination
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How would a person recieve artifically aquired passive immunity?
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Injection of immune serum
Immunological memory doesnt occur |
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What are the five classes of Immunoglobulins?
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IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE (Antibodies)
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Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant and longest living Immunoglobulin?
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IgG, 80% of plasma, most abundant and diverse antibody
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Which immunoglobulin is the first produced in immune response?
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IgM, 5%-10%
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Which immunoglobulin is predominant in secretions?
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IgA, 10%-15%
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Which immunoglobulin stimulates mast cells and is responsible for allergic reaction?
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IgE, very low %
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Which Immunoglobulin is present on B cell membrane
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IgD 0.2%
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What two regions does an antibody have?
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Variable region and Constant region
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What are the four defense mechanisms for antibodies?
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neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation
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In a primary immune response how many days does it take for the antibody amount to peak?
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10
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In a secondary immune response how many days does it take for the antibody amount to peak?
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2-3 days and the amount is much higher and stays a lot longer than the primary immune response
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What is another name for CD4 cells?
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Helper T cells
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What is another name for CD8 T cells?
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Cytotoxic T cells
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Which T cells recognize MHC 1 proteins?
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CD8 cytotoxic T cells
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Which T cells recognize MHC 2 proteins?
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CD4 T cells
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Who produces class 2 MHC proteins ?
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Macrophages, dendritic cells and B lymphocytes
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What is the function of gamma interferon?
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Enhances the killing power of macrophages
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What is the function of IL-2?
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Increase proliferation of cytotoxic T cells
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What is the function of IL-4?
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Stimulates B cells that have already become bound to antigens, increases antibody production
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How do regulatory T cells stop immune response?
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Release of cytokines which suppresses the activity of B and T cells
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What does IL-10 do?
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Suppresses inflammation
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What is an autograft?
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Graft transplanted from one site on the body to another one the same person
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What is an isograft?
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Grafts between identical twins
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What is an allograft?
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Grafts between two individuals that are not identical twins but are of the same species
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What is a xenograft?
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Graft from another animal species
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What is type 1 hypersensitivity?
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It begins in seconds (immediate hypersensitivity) after contact with the antigen (allergen) There is a flood of histamine
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What happens during anaphylatic shock?
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Response to allergen that directly enters the bloodstream, basophils and mast cells are enlisted throughout the body, the systemic release of histamine can cause bronchiole constriction, vasodilation and loss of fluid, falling Bp and hypotensive shock and death
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What is the best drug treatment for anaphylatic shock?
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Epinephrine
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What is type 2 hypersensitivity?
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Anti-body mediated destruction of cells, can be against foreign or cell antigens, starts 1-3 hours after contact lasts 10-15 hrs
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What is type 3 hypersensitivity?
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Mediated by immune complexes that deposit in tissues, complement is activated and attracts neutrophils, often leads to tissue damage
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What is type 4 hypersensitivity?
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This is also known as delayed hypersensitivity, takes 1-3 days to start, develops when certain antigens trigger specialized T cells to secrete factors that attract and activate macrophages
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What does SCID stand for?
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Severe combined immunodeficiancy
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What is hodgkins disease?
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Cancer of the lymph nodes that leads to immunodeficiancy by depressing the lymph node cells
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