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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What physical changes happen in the body when the autonomic nervous system kicks on?
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1. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
2. Pupil dilation 3. Dry mouth 4. Increased sweating of the hands 5. Increased coagulability of blood |
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What are two way the hypothalamus can be triggered to produce hormones?
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Brainstem ----> cerebral cortex----> thalamus -----> limbic system
Or it can be triggered by outside factors such as increased cortisol from the adrenal cortex Also triggered internally |
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Anterior or Posterior Pituitary?
Nerve axons? Blood vessels? Release of TSH? Release of Oxytocin? Release of FSH and LH? Release of Prolactin? Release of antidiuretic hormone? Release of GH and ACTH? |
Posterior
Anterior Anterior Posterior Anterior Anterior Posterior Anterior |
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The follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone stimulate what organ?
What does this organ release? Where do the follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone come from? |
The testes/ the ovaries
Testosterone/ estrogen From the anterior pituitary gland |
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Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates which organ?
What does this organ release? Where does TSH come from? |
The thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone TSH comes from the anterior pituitary |
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Where does the adrenocorticotropic hormone come from?
What organ does it affect? What does this organ release? |
From the anterior pituitary gland
The adrenal gland Adrenocorticosteroids |
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Where does prolactin come from?
What organ does it primarily affect? |
The anterior pituitary gland
The breasts |
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Where does the growth hormone come from?
What does it affect? |
The anterior pituitary gland
The bones and soft tissue |
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Where does the antidiuretic hormone come from?
What organ does it affect? |
The posterior pituitary gland
The kidneys |
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Where does oxytocin come from?
What organs does it affect? |
The posterior pituitary gland
The breasts and uterus |
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Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone produced?
What does it stimulate the release of? |
In the hypothalamus
Prolactin and TSH |
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Where is the corticotropin-releasing hormone produced?
What does it stimulate the secretion and release of? |
In the hypothalamus
Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Where is the gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced?
What does it stimulate the release of? |
In the hypothalamus
Lutenizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone |
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Where is the growth hormone-releasing hormone produced?
What does it stimulate the release of? |
In the hypothalamus
Stimulates the production of growth hormone |
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Describe how prolactin is released from the hypothalamus and how it acts in circulation:
This happens in 3 steps |
1. The hypothalamus produces the hormone
2. The hormone travels to the anterior pituitary 3. The hormone is released unchanged into the circulation |
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Describe how growth hormone is released from the hypothalamus and how it acts in circulation:
This happens in 3 steps |
1. The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone
2. The releasing hormone travels to and acts upon the anterior pituitary 3. The pituitary is stimulated to produce and release a different hormone into circulation |
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Describe how thyroid hormone is released from the hypothalamus and how it acts in circulation:
This happens in 3 steps |
1. The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone
2. The anterior pituitary is activated to release a stimulating hormone 3. The stimulating hormone acts on the gland to produce and secrete a final hormone that is released in the circulation. |
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What is negative feedback?
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Negative feedback is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind of stimulus.
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Examples of negative feedback:
Explain reasoning behind each: 1. Temperature 2. Blood pressure |
1: The hypothalamus of a human responds to temperature fluctuations and responds accordingly. If the temperature drops, the body shivers to bring up the temperature and if it is too warm, the body will sweat to cool down due to evaporation.
2: When blood pressure increases, signals are sent to the brain from the blood vessels. Signals are sent to the heart from the brain and heart rate slows down, thus helping blood pressure to return to normal. |
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When does the body decide to release oxytocin?
What type of feedback is this an example of ? |
The baby's head is being pushed into the cervix at the onset of labor. This causes the cervix to stretch which is detected by receptors that send nerve impulses to the brain. As long as the cervix is stretching, more oxytocin will continue to be released.
Positive feedback |
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What is oxytocin doing during labor?
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Oxytocin produces more forceful contractions of the uterus, thus causing further stretching of the uterus until the baby is born.
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What are the possible interruptions of the oxytocin positive feedback cycle?
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Birth of the baby
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TSH is the stimulus for secretion of:
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T3 and T4
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The primary mechanism for keeping blood levels of TH relatively constant is a negative feedback loop in which _________________________________________ in the plasma inhibit the secretion of TSH
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Free T3 and T4
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TRH regulates what rhythm in the body?
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circadian rhythm
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Elevation of ___________ is dampened by a negative feedback loop in which cortisol inhibits both _____________ and _________, the ventral hypothalamic hormone that causes secretion of _________.
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plasma cortisol
ACTH and CRH ACTH |
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What is another name for ADH?
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Vasopressin
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Vasopressin controls water reabsorption in the kidney, and thereby participates in controlling ___________, _______________, and _______________.
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water balance, blood volume, blood pressure
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FSH and LH stimulate what two things?
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The maturation of gametes
Production of the reproductive hormones |
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ACTH stimulates the secretion of :
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glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
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From the capillaries in the hypothalamus, hormones enter the _________________ where they are delivered to the capillary beds in the pituitary. They exit easily from here.
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hypophyseal portal system
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Describe the process of paracrine signaling:
Same cell or different cell? |
Cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized.
Usually involves different cell types It is also known as the local signaling cell because it only includes the cells of a particular organ. It is known to also control the movements and activities of the cells in that particular organ that it is communicating to. |
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What is happening in autocrine signaling?
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The secreting cell is targeting itself
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What is happening in endocrine signaling?
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Cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells.
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What is happening in a synaptic pathway?
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The cell releases neurotransmitters from an axon by a synapse in order to communicate with the targeted cell.
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What is happening in a neuro-endocrine pathway?
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A neuron activates neurotransmitters that are released into the bloodstream.
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Which are neurological mechanisms and which are hormonal mechanisms?
1. Brainstem 2. Cortico-tropin releasing hormone 3. Autonomic NS 4. Hypothalamus 5. Catecholamines 6. Epinephrine 7. Cortisol 8. Limbic system 9. Dopamine 10. Cerebral cortex |
1. Neuro
2. Hormone 3. Neuro 4. Neuro 5. Hormone 6. Hormone 7. Hormone 8. Neuro 9. Hormone 10. Cerebral cortex |
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"Persistent stress, getting the cortisol release (becoming more tolerant to elevated glucose), using up resources"
a. Alarm Stage b. Resistance Stage c. Exhaustion Stage |
b. Resistance Stage
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"Should be limited in intensity and duration, short-term, body ramps up to help you."
a. Alarm Stage b. Resistance Stage c. Exhaustion Stage |
a. Alarm Stage
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"Chronic overwhelming stress, depleted of energy, no released hormones will do anything, stores depleted, cells may be degenerating, leaving homeostasis, traveling down the path of poor health. "
a. Alarm Stage b. Resistance Stage c. Exhaustion Stage |
c. Exhaustion Stage
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What is this an example of that's altering hormone function?
"body may be destroying hormones in metabolism process; or hyperplasia (excessive release)" a. Impaired receptor binding b. Lack of/excessive hormone synthesis c. Elimination impaired d. Impaired feedback mechanisms e. Impaired cell response to hormones f. Impairment of endocrine gland |
b. Lack of/excessive hormone synthesis
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What is this an example of that's altering hormone function?
"may only have two receptors functioning, maybe they are unreceptive or resistant, maybe receptors are blocked by something, tumor" a. Impaired receptor binding b. Lack of/excessive hormone synthesis c. Elimination impaired d. Impaired feedback mechanisms e. Impaired cell response to hormones f. Impairment of endocrine gland |
a. Impaired receptor binding
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What is this an example of that's altering hormone function?
"can’t respond to hormone, maybe its not being shut off even though there is enough hormone" a. Impaired receptor binding b. Lack of/excessive hormone synthesis c. Elimination impaired d. Impaired feedback mechanisms e. Impaired cell response to hormones f. Impairment of endocrine gland |
d. Impaired feedback mechanisms
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What is this an example of that's altering hormone function?
"hormones are either re-uptaken, excreted, used – what if it doesn’t get broken down? – could have tons of hormone circulating around – not being metabolized " a. Impaired receptor binding b. Lack of/excessive hormone synthesis c. Elimination impaired d. Impaired feedback mechanisms e. Impaired cell response to hormones f. Impairment of endocrine gland |
c. Elimination impaired
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How do you detect altered hormone function?
4 common ways: |
History and physical exam
Labs Imagining studies Genetic testing |
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What are some common labs you would want to order to test altered hormone function?
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serum or urine hormone levels and hormone suppression or stimulation tests
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How do you treat hormone excess?
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Remove tumor secreting ectopic hormone
Remove part or all of endocrine gland Medications that block effects |
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How do you treat hormone deficits?
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Medications that stimulate release or replace hormone
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What causes SIADH?
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Excess production and release of ADH
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What is the most common cause of excess ADH?
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Ectopic secretion
Ectopic ADH secretion is the release of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin, from an abnormal place in the body. ADH is a substance produced naturally by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. This hormone controls the amount of water your body removes. Ectopic means "out of place." This often is caused by cancer (e.g. lung cancer) |
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What does excessive ADH release cause?
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ADH promotes excessive water retention where it accumulates intracellularly and promotes altered cell function
Eventually sodium is diluted from extracellular space |
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What is the end result of excessive ADH release?
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hypotonic hyponatremia
•Hyponatremia is an imbalance between the total body water accumulation and the body's accumulation of electrolytes. Hypotoni |
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Give some examples of severe symptoms from SIADH:
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Psychosis, seizures, coma
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Common symptoms of SIADH are:
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1. Decreased urine output (concentrated)
2. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache 3. Irritability, disorientation, weakness |
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A patient comes in with a serum sodium level of 120 mEg/L, a plasma osmolality of 252 mOsm/kg, decreased urine volume, and highly concentrated urine with a high sodium content. What disorder is this patient likely suffering from based on their symptoms?
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SIADH
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How can SIADH be treated?
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Remove cause (tumor)
Water restriction Isotonic or hypertonic IV fluid replacement Pharmacological treatment - Tolvaptan |
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What is diabetes insipidus caused by?
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Insufficient ADH; inability to concentrate or retain water
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What causes "insufficient ADH" as seen in diabetes insipidus:
3 possible reasons: |
Insufficient ADH production
Inadequate kidney response to ADH Water intoxication |
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What part of the renal system does ADH deficiency have the most effect?
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In the collecting duct - causes impairment of water reabsorption
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What are the common symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?
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Polyuria, Polydipsia, Dehydration, Shock, Death if untreated
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How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed?
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History and physical examination
Laboratory tests ------Serum osmolality ------ADH levels ------Urine specific gravity |
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DI treatment includes:
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Hydrating the patient
Pharmacologic treatment - vasopressin, desmopressin or DDAVP Treat the cause - remove tumor, replace blood supply to gland, surgery, treat infection |
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This condition is caused by excess thyroid hormone:
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hyperthyroidism
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What causes an excess production of thyroid hormone?
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Excess stimulation of the thyroid gland
Excess production of TSH |
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What is the most common form of hyperthyroidism in U.S?
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Graves disease
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What causes graves?
What is happening during Grave? |
Cause unknown
Autoimmune disorder; IgG binds to TSH receptors |
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Common symptoms of graves, includes:
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Goiter
Excess metabolic rate Weight loss, tremors Agitation, palpitations, tachycardia, weakness Heat intolerance, sweating Diarrhea Fine hair, oily skin Exophthalmos - bulging of the eyes Oligomenorrhea |
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Graves disease can be diagnosed by what criteria?
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History and physical examination
Laboratory tests TSH, T3 and T4 levels Free thyroxine level and increased uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland confirms diagnosis |
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How is Graves disease treated?
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Pharmacologic treatment
Destruction of all or part of gland with radioactive iodine Surgical removal of all or part of gland |
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What is hypothyroidism?
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Congenital or acquired deficiency of thyroid hormone (TH)
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What causes someone to be TH deficient?
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Deficient synthesis of TH
Destruction of thyroid gland Impaired secretion of TSH or TRH |
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Hypothyroidism is caused by :
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autoimmunity, genetic defects, injury to gland, iodine deficiency
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What are some common symptoms of hypothyroidism?
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Fatigue, weakness, lethargy
Large tongue Cardiomegaly, gastric atrophy Cold intolerance Constipation Dry skin, course hair Impaired reproduction - suppressed ovulation Impaired memory Myxedema (firm inelastic edema, dry skin and hair, and loss of mental and physical vigor ) Loss of lateral eyebrows |
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How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?
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History and physical examination
Laboratory studies TSH Free T4 Total T3 and T4 uptake Thyroid autoantibodies Antithyroglobulin - used to measure antibodies to a protein called thyroglobulin, found in thyroid cells |
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How is hypothyroidism treated?
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Lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy
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What is primary hypothyroidism?
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The thyroid cannot produce the amount of hormones the pituitary cells call for
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What is secondary hypothyroidism?
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The thyroid isn't being stimulated by the pituitary to produce hormones.
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What is cushing's syndrome?
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Excess glucocorticoids secreted from adrenal cortex
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What does cushing's syndrome affect?
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Affects metabolic function, stress response, inflammatory and immune responses
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What causes cushing's syndrome?
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---Long term administration of exogenous glucocorticoids
---Tumors of pituitary, adrenals, or distant sites (ectopic hormone secreted) |
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What are the clinical manifestations of cushings? Symptoms?
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Metabolic alterations; obesity of trunk, face, and upper back
Glucose intolerance Suppression of inflammation/immunity Behavioral changes Impaired stress response Osteoporosis Protruding abdomen Moon face Thinning of scalp and hair Thin extremities Increased facial hair |
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How do they diagnose cushing's syndrome?
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Cortisol levels in 24-hour urine
Imaging studies to detect tumors |
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How is Cushing's treated?
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Remove cause of excess cortisol secretion
Gradually taper exogenous glucocorticoid medications Surgical removal of tumors, chemotherapy, radiation |
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What is Addison's disease?
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Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex
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What is happening to the adrenal gland and to the ACTH levels with Addison's disease?
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Adrenal gland cannot produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, or androgens
ACTH levels increase to stimulate secretion of these hormones from the adrenal glands |
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What are common symptoms of Addison's disease?
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Darker pigmentation of skin (high ACTH)
Glucocorticoid deficiency Hypoglycemia, weakness, poor stress response, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, personality changes Mineralocorticoid deficiency Dehydration, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypotension, weakness, fatigue, shock |
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How is Addison's disease diagnosed?
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History and physical examination
Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia Serum corticosteroid levels remain depressed after administration of ACTH |
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How is Addison's disease treated?
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Fluid replacement
Pharmacologic treatment Dietary changes: increased sodium intake due to excess sodium losses (sweating) |
