Pathophysiology- Endocrine System

Front 1

regulatory molecules secreted into the blood stream

Back 1

hormone

Front 2

Ductless glands contains secretory cells
Synthesis or produce hormones

Back 2

Endocrine Gland

Front 3

Target cells or tissues
Contains receptors to produce some physiological response

Back 3

Effector

Front 4

what are the endocrine glands of the
CNS

Back 4

pituitary glands

Front 5

what are the endocrine system organs of the PNS

Back 5

adrenal, pancreas, testes, ovaries, thyroid, and parathyroid

Front 6

what type of action occurs when hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cell

Back 6

endocrine action

Front 7

what type of action occurs when hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

Back 7

paracrine action

Front 8

what type of action occurs when hormone acts on the same cell that produced it

Back 8

autocrine action

Front 9

circulate in free form in blood

Back 9

protein hormones

Front 10

must attach to transport proteins (Carrier Molecules) synthesized by liver

Back 10

Steroid (lipid) & thyroid hormones

Front 11

insulin is secreted in response to?

Back 11

increased glucose levels

Front 12

this type of feedback occurs because the rising hormone level cancels the starting change that triggered the release of the hormone

Back 12

negative feedback

Front 13

this type of feedback occurs when hormone secretion continues to trigger additional hormone secretion

Back 13

positive feedback

Front 14

which hormones are lipid soluble?

Back 14

steroids, and thyroid hormones

Front 15

only what type of hormone can signal a target cell

Back 15

free hormones

Front 16

low concentration of hormone increase the number of receptors per cell (means better sensitivity for a hormone), this is called?

Back 16

up regulation

Front 17

high concentration of hormone decrease the regulation of receptors

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down regulation

Front 18

the obvious change in cell function that resulted specifically from a particular hormone is what type of effect?

Back 18

direct effect

Front 19

less obvious hormone induced changes that aided the max. response of a cell is what type of effect?

Back 19

permissive effect

Front 20

hormone is secreted into the bloodstream and carries a message to the target cell, what type of messenger is this?

Back 20

first messenger

Front 21

the hypothalamus regulates what function by secreting releasing hormones and releasing factors into the portal circulation?

Back 21

anterior pituitary function

Front 22

the two hormones that the neurohypophosis (posterior pituitary) secretes?

Back 22

ADH (aka vasopressin), and oxytocin

Front 23

what does ADH control?

Back 23

serum osmolality

Front 24

when ADH is administered in high doses what can it cause?

Back 24

vasoconstriction

Front 25

ADH incr. permeability of the renal tubules to?

Back 25

water

Front 26

oxytoxin causes what in women? and what in men? in both?

Back 26

uterine contraction and lactation.
sperm motility
antidiuretic effect similar to ADH

Front 27

hormones of the anterior pituitary are regulated by?

Back 27

a) secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormones
b)neg. feedback from hormones secreted by target cells
c)middle effects of neurotransmitters

Front 28

regulation of TH levels is complex and involves?

Back 28

the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, thyroid gland, and etc.

Front 29

TH secretion is regulated by?

Back 29

thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) through a neg. feedback loop

Front 30

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is synthesized and stored in the?

Back 30

anterior pituitary

Front 31

once secreted TH acts on what particular gland?

Back 31

thyroid gland/median eminence to regulate further TH production

Front 32

synthesis of TH depends on what glycoprotein?

Back 32

thyroglobulin (TG)

Front 33

when released into the circulation, T3 and T4 are bound by? which?

Back 33

carrier proteins in the plasma, which store these hormones and provide a buffer for rapid changes in hormone levels

Front 34

which hormone effects heart production and cardiac function

Back 34

TH

Front 35

alter protein synthesis and have a wide range of metabolic effects on proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins

Back 35

TH

Front 36

important regulator of serum calcium levels

Back 36

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 37

regulated by levels ionized calcium in the plasma and by cAMP within the cell

Back 37

PTH secretion

Front 38

in bone PTH causes

Back 38

bone breakdown and resorption

Front 39

in the kidney PTH increases? decreases?

Back 39

increases reabsorption of calcium and decreases reabsorption of phosphorus and bicarbonate

Front 40

secretes hormones responsible for much of the carbohydrate metabolism in the body

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islets of langerhans found in the endocrine pancreas

Front 41

which cells produce glucagon, which is secreted inversely to blood glucose concentrations

Back 41

alpha cells

Front 42

which cells secrete somatostatin, which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion

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delta cells

Front 43

which cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

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f cells

Front 44

hormone that regulates blood glucose concentrations and overall body metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrates

Back 44

insulin

Front 45

the paired adrenal glands are situated in what organ?

Back 45

the kidney

Front 46

each paired adrenal gland consist of?

Back 46

adrenal medulla (secretes catecholamines)
adrenal cortex (secretes steriod hormones)

Front 47

the steriod hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are synthesized from? these hormones include?

Back 47

cholesterol
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal androgens/ estrogens

Front 48

directly affect carbohydrate metabolism by inc. blood glucose conc.

Back 48

glucocorticoids

Front 49

inhibit immune and inflammatory responses and is some circumstances can promote inflammation

Back 49

glucocorticoids

Front 50

the most potent naturally occuring glucocorticoid is

Back 50

cortisol

Front 51

secretion of cortisol is regulated by?

Back 51

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Front 52

steriod hormones that directly affect ion transportby renal tubular epithelial cells causing sodium retention and potassium and hydrogen loss

Back 52

mineralocorticoids

Front 53

most potent of the naturally occuring mineralocorticoids, its primary role is to conserve sodium

Back 53

aldosterone

Front 54

aldosterone secretion is regulated primarily by the?

Back 54

rennin-angiotensin system and sodium

Front 55

acts by binding to a site onthe cell nucleus andaltering protein production within the cell. its principle site of action is thekidney, where it causes sodium reabsorption and potassium/ hydrogen excretion

Back 55

aldosterone

Front 56

secreted by the adrenal cortex act in thesame way as those secreted by the gonads

Back 56

androgens and estrogens

Front 57

secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine

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the adrenal medulla

Front 58

epinephrine is how many times more potent than norepinephrine in exerting metabolic effects?

Back 58

10 times

Front 59

bind with various target cells and are taken up by neurons or excreted in the urine

Back 59

catecholamines

Front 60

they cause a range of metabolic effects known as the fight or flight response and include hyperglycemia and immune suppression

Back 60

catecholamines

Front 61

which system acts together with the nervous system to respond to stressors

Back 61

the endocrine system

Front 62

the response to stressors involves the activation of what 2 systems

Back 62

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system;
endocrine system