Pathophysiology: Basic Concepts, Genetic Influence In Disease, And Intracellular Function And Disorders

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Physiologic

Back 1

Functions and processes that occur in the body

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Pathologic

Back 2

Underlying changes in body physiology that results from disease or injury

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Homeostasis

Back 3

Maintenance of constant conditions in the body's internal environment

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Compensation

Back 4

Return to homeostasis after being challenged by a stressor

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Decompensation

Back 5

Failure to compensate; compensation can deteriorate rapidly or slowly

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Etiology

Back 6

Cause of a disease

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Risk Factors

Back 7

Factors that contribute to and/or increase the probability that a disease will occur

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Prognosis

Back 8

Predicted outcome of a disease based on certain factors

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Comorbidity

Back 9

Two or more coexisting medical conditions

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Sequela

Back 10

Aftermath of a disease; complications

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Acute/Acuity

Back 11

Rapid appearance
Only lasts a short time

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Chronic

Back 12

Develops slowly
Lasts longer
Waxes and wanes over a period of time

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Remission

Back 13

Period when signs and symptoms (S&S) disappear or diminish significantly (wane)

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Exacerbation

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Period when signs and symptoms (S&S) reappear or become worse and more severe (wax)

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Central

Back 15

Towards the center, "core", of the body
Referring to essential organ systems

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Proximal

Back 16

The more central and area/problem is

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Peripheral

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Towards that outer part of the body
Away from the core

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Distal

Back 18

The more peripheral an area/problem is

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Precipitating Factor

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A condition or event that triggers a pathological event or disorder

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Idiopathic

Back 20

Disease with unidentifiable cause

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Iatrogenic

Back 21

Occurs as a result of medical treatment

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Nosocomial

Back 22

Occurs as a reults of being in a hospital environment

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Sputum

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Secretions from deep in the lungs

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Hemoptysis

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Coughing up blood or blood in sputum

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Glycogenolysis

Back 25

The body's back-up process that occurs between meals or during periods of starvation
Body is not taking in glucose, but needs energy

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Teratogenic Defect

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A defect occuring from any influence (drugs, radiation, viruses)
Causes congenital defects

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Congenital Defect

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Abnormalities that are either detectable at birth and/or can be attributed to fetal development "glitches"

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Hypoxia

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Decreased amount of oxygen to cells or a decreased ability to use oxygen appropriately

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Aerobic

Back 29

Oxygen is present

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Anaerobic

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Oxygen is low or absent

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Acidosis

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State of greater-than-usual concentration of acidic substances in the blood and cells

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Positive Effect of Anaerobic Glycolysis

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Give 2 moles of ATP per molecule of glucose
Temporary stop-gap until cells can attain more oxygen

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Negative Effect of Anaerobic Glycolysis

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2 molescules of ATP is not enough energy for a long period of time
Results in acidosis

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pH Range of Blood

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7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline

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Hyperglycemia

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Elevated blood sugar (temporary after a meal)
Triggers pancreas to release insulin

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Glycogen

Back 36

Excess glucose stored in the liver

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Glycogenesis

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Glucose greater than immediate cellular energy needs is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver

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Hypoglycemia

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Low blood suagar
Triggers release of counterregulartory hormones

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Glycogenolysis

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First back up plan, counterregulatory hormones stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Corrects hypoglycemia

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Gluconeogenesis

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Break down of fats and proteins when glucose is unavailable and glycogenolysis has been exhausted
Does not use carbohydrates for cellular energy

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Ketones

Back 41

Breakdown product of fats and proteins

Front 42

Ketons: Bad Characteristic(s)

Back 42

They are acids; can cause acidosis
Cannot be used by brain cells

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Hyperketonemia

Back 43

High levels of ketones in the blood
Hyper: high
Keto: ketones
Nemia: blood

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Ketoacidosis

Back 44

Low blood pH (<7.35)

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Ketonuria

Back 45

Ketones in the urnie

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Crucial Nutrients

Back 46

Niacin (B3), Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Iron (Fe)

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Hyperkalemia

Back 47

Higher-than-normal levels of potassium (K+) in the blood

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Hypokalemia

Back 48

Lower-than-normal levels of potassium (K+) in the blood

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Hypernatremia

Back 49

Higher-than-normal levels of sodium (Na+) in the blood

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Hyponatremia

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Lower-than-normal levels of sodium (Na+) in the blood

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Hypercalcemia

Back 51

Higher-than-normal levels of calcium (Ca+) in the blood

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Hypocalcemia

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Lower-than-normal levels of calcium (Ca+) in the blood

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Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

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-90mV; resting between contractions

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"Goal" Charge

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+30mV; needed in order for a cell to contract

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Hypopolarization

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RMP is reset to a more positive number
Shortens the polar status
Cell is more sensitive and responds quicker

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Hyperpolarization

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RMP is reset to a less positive number
Lengthens the polar status
Cell is less sensitive and responds slower

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Examples of Hypopolarized States

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Hyperkalemia and Hypernatremia: More cations in blood, more cations diffuse from blood into cells
Hypocalcemia: Low Ca+ in blood circulating in tissues triggers increased permeability to Na+

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Tetany

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Muscle contraction/spams are severe and/or unrelenting

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Examples of Hyperpolarized States

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Hypokalemia and Hyponatremia: Less cations in blood, more cations diffuse out of cells into blood
Hypercalcemia: High Ca+ in blood circulating in tissues triggers decreased permeability to Na+

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Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

Back 60

Measurement of oxygenation and acid/base balance in the blood

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pH: Lower vs. Higher

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Lower = more acidic
Higher = more alkali

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Acidic Compounds in Blood

Back 62

CO2 and H+
Too much: acidosis
Too little: alkalosis

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Alkali Compounds in Blood

Back 63

HCO3
Too much: alkalosis
Too little: acidosis

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Types of Acidosis/Alkalosis

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Metabolic and Respiratory

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Compensation for Metabolic Acidosis

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Via the lungs
Decrease CO2 and H+ by increasing amount of CO2 exhaled, increaseing rate and/or depth of respirations, pH is increased to normal 7.35-7.45

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Respiratory Acidosis

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Low pH caused by diminished effectiveness of breathing or decreased respiratory rate, retention of CO2

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Compensation for Respiratory Acidosis

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Via the kidneys
Increased HCO3 production to counteract the acid (CO2)

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Compensation for Metabolic Alkalosis

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Via the lungs
Decreased rate and depth of respirations

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Compensation of Respiratory Alkalosis

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Via the kidneys
Decrease amount of HCO3 made or increasing HCO3 excretion

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Respiratory Acidosis

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Respiratory problem
Not enough CO2 exhaled
CO2 retained and causes pH to drop <7.35

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Metabolic Acidosis

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Metabolic problem
Related to anaerobic metabolism and/or kidneys not being able to get rid of H+ or make HCO3
pH drops to <7.35

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Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 72

Respiratory problem
Too much CO2 is exhaled
pH rises to >7.45

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Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 73

Metabolic problem
Too much HCO3 ingestion, kidneys not eliminating HCO3, vomiting too much acid
pH rises to >7.45