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10 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are direct effects of impaired ventilation and diffusion?
hypoxemia
hypoxia
hypercapnia
What is hemoptysis?
blood in sputum
When you cough up blood, that is called?

What does it usually indicate?
hemoptysis

heavy coughing, tuberculosis, tumor, trauma
What is dyspnea?
subjective feeling of shortness of breath
What is orthopnea?
the need to sit upright to breathe properly
Differentiate between pulmonary obstruction and restriction.
obstruction = impaired inspiration/expiration

restriction = impaired lung expansion
What is emphysema? What is the etiology of emphysema?
emphysema is when lung elasticity is lost, resulting in big floppy alveoli.

causes
- inflammation from smoking
- AAT deficiency (alpha-antitrypsin)
describe pathophysiology of emphysema due to smoking.
smoke causes lung inflammation. neutrophils and macrophages release proteolytic enzymes that also degrades elastin. alveolar recoil is impaired, affecting CO2 release
What is air trapping? How do you know air trapping happens clinically?
when alveoli lose elasticity and collapse, as in emphysema, O2 intake and CO2 release is impaired

taking in a full breath of air but then expelling only half = air trapping
WHat is the role of AAT in the lungs?
AAT protects against proteolytic enzymes (released during inflammation). may help to prevent emphysema.