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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are direct effects of impaired ventilation and diffusion?
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hypoxemia
hypoxia hypercapnia |
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What is hemoptysis?
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blood in sputum
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When you cough up blood, that is called?
What does it usually indicate? |
hemoptysis
heavy coughing, tuberculosis, tumor, trauma |
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What is dyspnea?
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subjective feeling of shortness of breath
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What is orthopnea?
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the need to sit upright to breathe properly
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Differentiate between pulmonary obstruction and restriction.
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obstruction = impaired inspiration/expiration
restriction = impaired lung expansion |
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What is emphysema? What is the etiology of emphysema?
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emphysema is when lung elasticity is lost, resulting in big floppy alveoli.
causes - inflammation from smoking - AAT deficiency (alpha-antitrypsin) |
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describe pathophysiology of emphysema due to smoking.
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smoke causes lung inflammation. neutrophils and macrophages release proteolytic enzymes that also degrades elastin. alveolar recoil is impaired, affecting CO2 release
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What is air trapping? How do you know air trapping happens clinically?
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when alveoli lose elasticity and collapse, as in emphysema, O2 intake and CO2 release is impaired
taking in a full breath of air but then expelling only half = air trapping |
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WHat is the role of AAT in the lungs?
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AAT protects against proteolytic enzymes (released during inflammation). may help to prevent emphysema.
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