Pathology Of The Kidney Part 2

Front 1

How is tubular transport disease identified?

Back 1

By excess amounts of inorganic and organic compounds not normally present in appreciable quantities in the urine
-No morphologic changes

Front 2

What dogs commonly get tubular transport disease?

Back 2

Dalmations
-Autosomal recessive defect in tubular resorption of uric acid which they cannot convert to allantoin

Front 3

Tubular transport disease in dalmations predisposes them to ________.

Back 3

Uric acid calculi
-Tubular defect in uric acid resorption

Front 4

What is sex or autosomal linked cystinuria?

Back 4

Tubular defect in resorption of cystine
-Normal blood levels
-High incidence of cystine uroliths

Front 5

What is it called when a tubular transport disease results in glycosuria?

Back 5

Fanconi syndrome
-10% of adult basenjis affected

Front 6

What is Fanconi syndrome?

Back 6

Tubular transport disease with defect in renal tubular resorption-adult onset
-Normal or shortened life span

Front 7

What is lost in the urine of an animal with Fanconi syndrome?

Back 7

Urinary loss of water, glucose, phosphate, Na+, K+, bicarbonate, amino acids

Front 8

What are the clinical signs of Fanconi syndrome?

Back 8

Glycosuria
Hyposthenuria (Excretion of urine of low specific gravity due to an inability of the tubules of the kidneys to produce concentrated urine.)
Isothenuria

Front 9

What are 2 causes of glycogen nephrosis?

Back 9

1) Diabetes mellitus (no significant functional impairment)
-Emphysematous cystitis)
2) Glycogen (lysosomal) storage diseases
-Inborn error of metabolism

Front 10

What causes cholemic (biliary) nephrosis? What are the clinical signs?

Back 10

Secondary to increased bilirubin in bloodstream
-Usually no clinical significance

Front 11

What is Cloisonne kidney? What animal is affected?

Back 11

Pigmented thickening of tubular basement membranes of *goats
-Ferritin and hemosidern
-No functional significance

Front 12

What causes dehydration salts?

Back 12

Artifact of terminal dehydration

Front 13

With peripelvic (papillary) necrosis the ______ _______ are necrotic.

Back 13

Collecting tubules

Front 14

What are 6 causes of peripelvic necrosis in animals?

Back 14

1) NSAIDs
2) Diabetes mellitus
3) Amyloidosis (cats)
4) Pyelonephritis
5) Obstruction and necrosis; from blockage and back pressure
6) Arsenic poisoning

Front 15

What are 8 lesions of the renal vasculature?

Back 15

1) Infarcts
2) Hemorrhage
3) Hyperemia/congestion
4) Anemia
5) Edema
6) Immune complex disease
7) Toxic vasculitis
8) Bilateral renal cortical necrosis

Front 16

What 2 arteries of the kidney get infarcts?

Back 16

1) Arcuate arteries
2) Interlobular arteries

Front 17

What are 4 causes of renal hemorrhage?

Back 17

1) Septicemia
-Leptospirosis, hog cholera, erysipelas, malignant catarrhal fever, canine herpesvirus
2) Poisonings
-Crotalaria, oak buds
3) Anticoagulants
4) Trauma (bleed into retroperitoneal space)

Front 18

What are 4 renal circulatory/vascular disorders?

Back 18

1) Hyperemia-congestion
2) Anemia: results in anuria due to decreased arterial pressure
3) Hydronephrosis (no medullary lymphatics)
4) Immune complex disease
-FIP
-Aleutian disease of mink & ferrets

Front 19

What is a disease that causes toxic vasculitis?

Back 19

Pulpy kidney disease in lambs

Front 20

What causes Pulpy kidney disease in lambs?

Back 20

Clostridium perfringens type D, C. welchii

Front 21

What are the clinical signs of pulpy kidney disease?

Back 21

Neurologic signs and sudden death (focal symmetrical encephalomalacia-lambs)

Front 22

What do you have to differentiate pulpy kidney disease from upon necropsy?

Back 22

Autolysis

Front 23

Bilateral renal cortical necrosis is a component of _____________.

Back 23

Generalized Schwartzman reaction- gram (-) endotoxemia-DIC -then get thrombi in kidney and get bilateral necrosis

Front 24

What are 4 conditions in which animals can develop bilateral renal cortical necrosis?

Back 24

1) Hemophilus in pigs
2) Edema disease of swine
3) Metritis and mastitis of cattle, grain overload
4) Horses; azoturia

Front 25

What is greyhound vasculopathy?

Back 25

Idiopathic renal and cutaneous vasculopathy

Front 26

Greyhound vasculopathy causes lesions similar to_______.

Back 26

DIC:
-thrombocytopenia

Front 27

What are the 5 parasitic diseases of the kidney?

Back 27

1) Capillaria plica
2) Dioctophyma renale
3) Ascarid spp.
4) Klossiella equi
5) Stephanurus dentatus

Front 28

What is the largest parasitic nematode?

Back 28

Dioctophyma renale

Front 29

Where/what are stephanurus dentatus?

Back 29

Pericapsular location in swine
Kidney worm of swine

Front 30

Where are dioctophyma renale located in dogs?

Back 30

Inhabits renal pelvis of dogs > 2 years old
-May cause hydronephrosis

Front 31

What are the 3 types of primary renal neoplasms?

Back 31

1) Embryonal nephroma-swine, dogs, parakeets, chickens
2) Adenoma, adenocarcinoma
-G. Sheps have nodular dermatofibrosis associated w/ renal carcinoma-hereditary
3) Transitional cell carcinoma

Front 32

What are 2 types of metastatic/multicentral renal neoplasms?

Back 32

1) Lymphosarcoma
2) Hemangiosarcoma

Front 33

Where do adenoma/adenocarcinomas occur in the kidney?

Back 33

Malignant and benign tumors of tubules

Front 34

What part of the kidney gets transitional cell carcinomas?

Back 34

Urinary bladder & renal pelvis

Front 35

What is the most common tumor in cattle?

Back 35

Lymphoma

Front 36

What are 4 pathologies of the ureter?

Back 36

1) Ectopic location, agenesis, duplication
2) Strictures: congenital or acquired
3) Inflammation
4) Pigmentation

Front 37

What is the clinical presentation of a dog with an ectopic ureter?

Back 37

Ureter is emptying into the wrong place so dribbling urine everywhere

Front 38

What happens to the kidneys when there's a urinary obstruction?

Back 38

Capsule does not stretch on kidney so get hydronephrosis and hydroureter
-Have to drain bladder

Front 39

How does hydronephrosis vary from cysts?

Back 39

Hydronephrosis comunicates w/ the renal pelvis

Front 40

What are the 3 theories of calculogenesis?

Back 40

1) Precipitation-crystallization of abnormally elevated (usually supersaturated) urinary cystalloids
2) Matrix nucleation
3) Absence of an inhibitory substance (in normal urine prevents crystalloids from leaving solution)

Front 41

What is common to all forms of urolithiasis?

Back 41

Optimal pH for solute precipitation
Decreased H2O intake
Urinary stasis

Front 42

What type of calculi develop secondary to bacterial infections in dogs? cats?

Back 42

Phosphate calculi-dogs
Sabulous (sandy or gritty) plugs in cats

Front 43

What type of stones makes up half the cases of feline urolithiasis?

Back 43

Calcium oxalate

Front 44

What predisposes an animal to oxalate calculi?

Back 44

Dietary: increased Na, K
Increased risk with acidification
Hypercalcemia in cats

Front 45

How do oxalate calculi often appear?

Back 45

Botryoidal (grape-like clusters)

Front 46

What type of stones form in dachshunds with aminoaciduria?

Back 46

Cystine calculi

Front 47

What type of stones form in dalmations with uric acid metabolic defect?

Back 47

Urate calculi

Front 48

Why do ruminants with vitamin A deficiency get stones?

Back 48

Causes squamous metaplasia of transitional epithelium--> provides nidus for calculus formation

Front 49

What type of stones form in animals with hyperparathyroidism/

Back 49

Calcium calculi

Front 50

Why does diethylstilbesterol cause urolithiasis in sheep?

Back 50

causes squamous metaplasia of urinary epithelium

Front 51

What kind of urolithiasis occurs in animals with a portosystemic shunt?

Back 51

Ammonium urate

Front 52

What causes xanthine calculi to form/

Back 52

=metabolites of purines
-Autosomal recessive in daschunds and king charles spaniels

Front 53

What predisposes all animals to urolithiasis?

Back 53

Water deprivation

Front 54

What are 9 pathologies of the urinary bladder?

Back 54

1) Cystitis
2) Bovine enzootic hematuria
3) Equine epizootic cystitis
4) Rupture of the urinary bladder in male foals
5) Lymphoid cystitis
6) Emphysematous cystitis
7) Persistent urachus
8) Bladder herniation
9) Neoplasms

Front 55

What are the 3 pathologies associated with cystitis?

Back 55

1) Blockage
2) Stones
3) Infection

Front 56

What areas are affected by bovine enzootic hematuria?

Back 56

NW, U.S.

Front 57

What causes bovine enzootic hematuria?

Back 57

Bracken fern poisoning + bovine papillomavirus-2

Front 58

What are the lesions associated with bovine enzootic hematuria?

Back 58

1) Thiaminase--> decreased thiamine
2) Hyperplastic inflammation sometimes leading to malignant neoplasia
3) May result in thrombocytopenia, anemia and death
-Mortality may approach 90% in a herd

Front 59

What is equine epizootic cystitis associated with? Where is it found?

Back 59

Associated w/ Sudan grass and sometimes sorghum
-SW, U.S.

Front 60

What clinical signs are seen with equine epizootic cystitis?

Back 60

Neurogenic
-Can also occur in cattle

Front 61

What causes rupture of the urinary bladder of male foals?

Back 61

Due to violent expulsive action of mare when male foal has a full bladder
-Female urethra is shorter and broader so doesn't happen as mcuh

Front 62

What animals get lymphoid (follicular) cystitis? What are the clinical signs? What may it indicate?

Back 62

Dogs
-Generally of no clinical significance
-May indicate healed chronic cystitis

Front 63

Emphysematous cystitis is a reflection of what?

Back 63

Glycosuria in combination with gas producing bacteria

Front 64

What can a persistent urachus lead to? What animal is it most common in?

Back 64

May lead to ascending pyelonephritis
-Most common in horses

Front 65

What is the urachus?

Back 65

Connects urinary bladder to umbilicus for waste removal
-If doesn't close at birth can get bacteria ascending up and can turn kidneys to a sac of pus

Front 66

What does the urachus normally become after birth?

Back 66

Middle ligament of the bladder

Front 67

What do you call it when the bladder balloons out caudally from the pelvic canal? What animal do you see it in?

Back 67

Perineal hernia-old male dogs

Front 68

What are 3 types of neoplasm that can develop in the urinary bladder?

Back 68

1) Leiomyoma
2) Papilloma
3) Transitional cell carcinoma
-Not uncommon!

Front 69

What are the 3 general causes of renal failure?

Back 69

1) Pre-renal
2) Renal
3) Post-renal

Front 70

What is pre-renal renal failure?

Back 70

Reduced blood flow and glomerular filtration

Front 71

What are 4 causes of pre-renal renal failure?

Back 71

1) Cardiac failure
2) Water and Na+ depletion (vomiting & diarrhea)
3) Shock
4) Anemia

Front 72

What are 3 renal causes of renal failure?

Back 72

Pathology of the kidney
1) Glomerulopathy
2) Tubulointerstitial disease
3) Renal vascular disease

Front 73

What is post-renal renal failure?

Back 73

Obstruction of the urinary tract

Front 74

What are 4 causes of post-renal renal failure?

Back 74

1) Calculi
2) Prostatic hypertrophy
3) Neoplasms
4) Congenital stricture

Front 75

What is uremia?

Back 75

A clinical disease, a constellation of signs-like a syndrome
-Urine in blood

Front 76

What is azotemia?

Back 76

Increased blood urea and creatinine NOT a clinical disease
-Could be from dehydration

Front 77

What causes azotemia?

Back 77

Retention of nitrogenous waste in the blood due to decreased glomerular filtration and failure of tubular resorption and secretion

Front 78

What happens when there's depression of glomerular filtration/

Back 78

Parathyroid hyperplasia and hypocalcemia--> bone resorption
Acidosis--> cardiac dysfunction

Front 79

What re 8 lesions of uremia?

Back 79

1) Oral/nasal ulcers
2) Ulcerative hemorrhagic (uremic) gastritis (dogs and cats) and colitis (horses & cows)
3) Pericarditis, aortitis
4) Pleural frosting
5) Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
6) Anemia (lack of EPO)
7) Pancreatic atrophy
8) Lymphoid atrophy

Front 80

What causes oral/nasal ulcers in animals with uremia?

Back 80

Arteriopathy:
-Endothelial damage due to ammonia split from urea +/- elimination of toxic substances through mucus membranes

Front 81

How will animals with oral/ nasal ulcers in an animal with uremia present?

Back 81

Uremic or ammoniacal odor to breath

Front 82

Why do animals with uremia cause ulcerative hemorrhagic (uremic) gastritis?

Back 82

Arteriopathy in addition to the elimination of toxic substances through mucus membranes

Front 83

Why do animals with uremia develop pleural frosting?

Back 83

Necrosis plus calcium deposition

Front 84

What does renal secondary hyperparathyroidism lead to?

Back 84

Renal osteodystrophy (rubber jaw)

Front 85

How do animals develop renal secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 85

Damaged kidney doesn't synthesize 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, which is necessary for calcium binding in gut
-Compensatory hyperplasia of parathyroids due to calcium suppression

Front 86

Why do animals with uremia develop anemia?

Back 86

Shortened life span of erythrocytes
Low plasma erythropoietin

Front 87

Why do animals with uremia develop pancreatic atrophy? Lymphoid atrophy?

Back 87

Pancreatic atrophy-associated w/ cachexia?
Lymphoid atrophy: depression of cell-mediated immunity

Front 88

What is a diagnostic feature of uremia in horses?

Back 88

Weird plaque around teeth, its calcium
-Horses don't usually get tartar