Pathology Of Digestive System

Front 1

Developmental anomalies

Back 1

▫Epitheliogenesis imperfecta of tongue

▫Cleft palate

▫Megacolon

▫Duplication of colon

▫Atresia coli

▫Atresia ani

Front 2

Abnormal smooth surface of tongue due to small filiform papillae.

Back 2

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta of tongue

Front 3

This is also known as smooth tongue.

Back 3

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta of tongue

Front 4

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta of tongue occurs in what breed of cattle?

Back 4

Holstein-Friesian

Front 5

It occurs as a defect in autosomal recessive gene

Back 5

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta of tongue

Front 6

This is most common congenital abnormality that occurs due to failure of oral-nasal cavity to divide leaving cleft.

Back 6

Cleft palate

Front 7

It may also extend towards lips producing 'harelip' condition.

Back 7

Cleft palate

Front 8

There is distension of colon which abruptly terminates in rectum due to mutant gene in dogs.

Back 8

Megacolon

Front 9

Some alleles of ______ are associated with more severe defects, such as deafness and aganglionic megacolon.

Back 9

Alleles of Ednrb

Front 10

Mutations in this gene are also responsible for Hirshsprung disease in humans.

Back 10

Endothelin B receptor gene

Front 11

This disease is characterized by intestinal aganglionosis, which is occasionally associated with hypopigmentation and/or deafness.

Back 11

Hirshsprung disease

Front 12

This syndrome in horses is due to a mutation in the horse endothelin B receptor gene

Back 12

lethal white foal syndrome

Front 13

It is a defect that is associated with malformation in the body of vertebrae T4 and T5 in the dog

Back 13

Duplication of colon

Front 14

In dog, the colon is duplicated from _______ to _______.

Back 14

caecum to rectum

Front 15

It is the absence of colon

Back 15

Atresia coli

Front 16

In calf, the absence of colon occurs and the intestine terminates in blind caecum

Back 16

Atresia coli

Front 17

This is absence of anal opening.

Back 17

Atresia ani

Front 18

Types of atresia ani

Back 18

▫Type I – Congenital anal stenosis

▫Type II – Imperforate anus alone

▫Type III – Combined with more cranial termination of the rectum as a blind pouch

▫Type IV – Discontinuity of the proximal rectum with normal anal and terminal rectal development

Front 19

Gender affected with increased incidence of atresia ani

Back 19

Females

Front 20

Breeds in dogs affected with increased incidence of atresia ani

Back 20

✔miniature or toy poodles

✔Boston terriers

Front 21

Postoperative complications that occur (atresia ani)

Back 21

▫fecal incontinence

▫Colonic atony secondary to prolonged preoperative distension

Front 22

It is the inflammation of mucosa of oral cavity.

Back 22

Stomatitis

Front 23

Condtions included in stomatitis

Back 23

✔Gingivitis

✔Glossitis

✔Cheilitis

✔Tonsilitis

✔Palatitis/Lampas

Front 24

Inflammation of gums

Back 24

Gingivitis

Front 25

Inflammation of tongue.

Back 25

Glossitis

Front 26

Inflammation of lips.

Back 26

Cheilitis

Front 27

Inflammation of tonsil.

Back 27

Tonsilitis

Front 28

Inflammation of palates.

Back 28

Palatitis/Lampas

Front 29

Etiology of stomatitis

Back 29

Trauma due to nails, wire, or any sharp object like needle.

Physical - due to hot milk, medicines etc.

Chemical - Alkali / acids.

Microorganisms - Bacteria, virus, fungi.

Front 30

Macroscopic features of stomatitis

Back 30

▫ Catarrhal stomatitis: Mucous exudation in oral cavity.

▫ Vesicular stomatitis: Vesicles in oral mucosal e.g. FMD.

▫ Erosive stomatitis: Erosions in oral mucosa e.g. Rinderpest.

▫ Fibrinous stomatitis: False membrane in oral mucosa.

▫ Ulcerative stomatitis: Presence of ulcers in oral mucosa e.g. mucosal disease.

Front 31

Microscopic features of stomatitis

Back 31

▫Congestion of oral mucosa.

▫Presence of erosions, vesicles or ulcers.

▫Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages.

▫Presence of fibrinous exudate in the form of diphtheritic membrane.

Front 32

Inflammation of esophagus

Back 32

Esophagitis

Front 33

Characterized by catarrhal inflammation, ulceration or stenosis due to fibrosis.

Back 33

Esophagitis

Front 34

Etiology of esophagitis

Back 34

✔Trauma

✔Parasitis

Front 35

Macroscopic features of esophagitis

Back 35

 Congestion

 Ulcer formation

 Red streaks of catarrhal inflammation.

 Stenosis due to fibrous nodules or inflammatory exudate.

Front 36

Microscopic features of esophagitis

Back 36

 Congestion, haemorrhage.

 Ulceration.

 Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes.

 Sub-epithelial fibrosis/nodules by Spirocerea lupi.

Front 37

Inflammation of crop caused by fungi.

Back 37

Ingluvitis

Front 38

Characterized by ulcerative or diphtheritic lesions

Back 38

Ingluvitis

Front 39

Etiology of ingluvitis

Back 39

Candida albicans (formerly Monilia albicans)

Front 40

Macroscopic features of ingluvitis

Back 40

✅Turkish towel-like appearance in crop mucosa.

✅Round and raised ulcers.

✅In moniliasis, formation of diphtheritic membrane.

Front 41

Microscopic features of ingluvitis

Back 41

✅Necrotic and ulcerative lesions.

✅Fibrinous inflammation with infiltration of mononuclear cells.

Front 42

Other term for Moniliasis

Back 42

Crop mycosis

Front 43

It is accumulation of fermentation gases in rumen due to failure of eructation as a result of obstruction or due to excessive production of gases characterized by distended rumen and dyspnea.

Back 43

Tympany

Front 44

Other term for tympany

Back 44

Bloat

Front 45

Etiology of tympany

Back 45

▫Choke of oesophagus.

▫Sudden change in animal feed with high content of legumes.

▫Excessive lush green fodder.

Front 46

Categories of bloat

Back 46

◾Frothy bloat (primary tympany)

◾Free gas bloat (secondary tympany)

Front 47

Type of bloat which is caused by the formation of a stable foam in the rumen.

Back 47

Frothy bloat (primary tympany)

Front 48

Example of frothy bloat

Back 48

Legume bloat

Front 49

Type of bloat which is due to excessive production of gaseous compounds from fermentation or as a result of an obstruction preventing the escape of gas compounds.

Back 49

Free gas bloat (secondary tympany)

Front 50

Primary tympany occurs most commonly in two settings:

Back 50

✅Pasture bloat – Animals on pasture, particularly those containing alfalfa or clover

✅Feedlot bloat – Animals feed high levels of grain, especially when it is finely ground

Front 51

Factors that reflect the forage’s potential for causing bloat.

Back 51

◾Protein content

◾rates of digestion and ruminal passage

Front 52

Pathophysiology of pasture bloat

Back 52

Front 53

Possible causes of feedlot bloat

Back 53

◾production of insoluble slime by certain species of rumen bacteria in cattle fed high-carbohydrate diets

◾the entrapment of the gases of fermentation by the fine particle size of ground feed.

Front 54

Pathophysiology of feedlot bloat

Back 54

Front 55

Pathophysiology of secondary tympany

Back 55

Front 56

Macroscopic features of tympany

Back 56

▫Rumen is distended due to excessive accumulation of gases (C02, H2S, CO).

▫Distended rumen compresses diaphragm to hinder respiration.

▫Tarry colour blood, pale liver and rupture of diaphragm.

▫On rupture of rumen gas comes out (dry tympany).

Front 57

The gas is trapped in small bubbles in the ruminal fluid forming foams and is not easily removed, and this type of bloat is produced by saponin and water soluble proteins and due to reduction in surface tension in the absence of fatty acids that favours froth formation.

Back 57

Frothy bloat

Front 58

Microscopic features of tympany

Back 58

▫Haemorrhage in lungs, pericardium, trachea and lymph nodes.

▫Atelectasis in lungs.

Front 59

Tx for bloat

Back 59

▫Cannulation of rumen

Front 60

Inflammation of rumen in ruminant animals caused by change in diet, chemicals or drugs.

Back 60

Rumenitis

Front 61

Characterized by seropurulent exudate or ulcer formation with or without parakeratosis.

Back 61

Rumenitis

Front 62

Etiology of rumenitis

Back 62

✅Change in diet, corn or alfalfa hay.

✅Chemicals/drugs e.g. potassium antimony tartrate.

✅Fusobacterium necrophorum infection

Front 63

Macroscopic features of rumenitis

Back 63

✔Ulcers

✔Spherical white nodules of 1-2 cm diameter size

✔Sloughing of mucosa

Front 64

Microscopic features of rumenitis

Back 64

✔Seropurulent exudate

✔Ulcers Infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils.

✔Fibrous nodules due to hyperplasia of fibroblasts.

✔Parakeratosis

Front 65

Inflammation of reticulum in ruminant animals caused by trauma/perforation by foreign body including sharp object like needles, wires, etc.

Back 65

Reticulitis

Front 66

It is characterized by abscess formation, adhesions, peritonitis and pericarditis.

Back 66

Reticulitis

Front 67

Etiology of reticulitis

Back 67

Foreign body - sharp objects like needles, wires etc.

Front 68

Pathophysiology of reticulitis

Back 68

Front 69

Macroscopic features of reticulitis

Back 69

✔Perforation of reticulum by foreign body.

✔Abscessation/suppuration.

✔Peritonitis, adhesions of reticulum with diaphragm.

✔Pericarditis due to foreign body (traumatic reticulo pericarditis).

Front 70

Other term for traumatic reticulitis

Back 70

Hardware disease

Front 71

Microscopic features of reticulitis

Back 71

✔Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes.

✔Proliferation of fibroblasts producing adhesions.

✔Liquefactive necrosis

Front 72

Inflammation of abomasum in ruminants caused by chemicals/drugs, bacteria, virus or parasites.

Back 72

Abomasitis

Front 73

Characterized by congestion, edema and/or haemorrhagic ulcers.

Back 73

Abomasitis

Front 74

Etiology of abomasitis

Back 74

✅Chemicals/drugs.

✅Bacteria e.g. Clostridium septicum cause of braxy.

✅Parasites e.g. Theileria sp.

Front 75

Macroscopic features of abomasitis

Back 75

▫Congestion

▫oedema of abomasal folds

▫haemorrhage in braxy.

Front 76

Microscopic features of abomasitis

Back 76

▫Catarrhal, haemorrhagic abomasitis.

▫Presence of Gram positive rods in case of braxy.

▫Neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltration.

▫Congestion and haemorrhages.

▫Ulceration with lymphocytic infiltration.

Front 77

This condition is common in cattle and buffaloes.

Back 77

Impaction of rumen and reticulum

Front 78

It is caused by heavy carbohydrate diet and characterized by atony of rumen, indigestion, acidosis and haemorrhage on serous membranes.

Back 78

Impaction of rumen and reticulum

Front 79

Etiology of rumen and reticular impaction

Back 79

✅Overfeeding of carbohydrate feed.

✅Lack of water.

✅Defective teeth or damaged tongue.

✅Paralysis of rumen.

✅Simple indigestion can result from suddenly changing the feed, using:

◾spoiled or frozen feeds introducing urea to a ration

◾turning cattle onto a lush cereal grain pasture

◾introducing feedlot cattle to a high-level grain ration

Front 80

Simple indigestion is usually associated with __________.

Back 80

sudden change in the pH of the ruminal contents

Hint 80

such as a decrease in ruminal pH due to rapid fermentation of ingested carbohydrates or an increase in ruminal pH due to forestomach hypomotility and putrefaction of ingested feed

Front 81

TRUE OR FALSE. Simple indigestion can also result from accumulation of excessive quantities of relatively indigestible feed that may physically impair rumen function.

Back 81

True

Front 82

Macroscopic features of rumen & reticulum impaction

Back 82

✅Atony of rumen due to lactic acid production.

✅Rumen is filled with hard, caked undigested food with foul odour.

✅Hemoconcentration, anuria, blood becomes dark in colour.

Front 83

Microscopic features of rumen & reticulum impaction

Back 83

✅Haemorrhage in lungs.

✅Desquamation of ruminal epithelium.

✅Lesions of acidosis/toxicosis.

Front 84

Inflammation of stomach in non-ruminant animals having simple stomach caused by chemicals/drugs, bacteria, virus, parasite.

Back 84

Gastritis

Front 85

Characterized by congestion, edema, haemorrhage and ulceration.

Back 85

Gastritis

Front 86

Inflammation of proventriculus in poultry.

Back 86

proventriculitis

Front 87

Etiology of gastritis

Back 87

✅Physical - overfeeding, trauma.

✅Chemicals - Acid/alkali.

✅Microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, fungi.

✅Parasites e.g. Trichostrongyles sp., Hemonchus sp.

✅Uremia

Front 88

Pathophysiology of gastritis

Back 88

Front 89

Macroscopic features of gastritis

Back 89

✅Congestion, oedema and haemorrhage of mucosal surface.

✅Thick mucous exudate in stomach.

✅Presence of vesicles/ulcers on gastric mucosa

Front 90

Microscopic features of gastritis

Back 90

✅Congestion and haemorrhage of gastric mucosa.

✅Presence of ulcer and necrosis.

✅Infiltration of mononuclear cells.

✅Lymphoid hyperplasia.

Front 91

Parasitic nematode found in the mucosa of the stomach in cats

Back 91

Ollulanus tricuspis

Front 92

Characterized by increased number of goblet cells, congestion and infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells in mucosa of intestine.

Back 92

Catarrhal enteritis

Front 93

Etiology of catarrhal enteritis

Back 93

✅Foreign bodies and coarse feed

✅Chemical - drugs

✅Microorganisms - E.coli, Salmonella sp., viruses

✅Parasites - Coccidia

Front 94

Macroscopic features of catarrhal enteritis

Back 94

✔Presence of catarrhal exudate in lumen of intestine and congestion.

✔Thickening of the wall of intestine.

✔Diarrhea.

✔Presence of parasites in lumen of intestine

Front 95

Microscopic features of catarrhal enteritis

Back 95

✔Increased number of goblet cells in intestinal villi, reduced length of villi.

✔Congestion

✔Infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells.

Front 96

Characterized by inflammation of the intestines along with haemorrhagic exudate.

Back 96

Hemorrhagic enteritis

Front 97

Etiology of hemorrhagic enteritis

Back 97

✅Bacteria - E. coli, Bacillus anthracis, Salmonella sp.

✅Virus - Coronavirus, BVD

✅Parasites - Coccidia

Front 98

Pathophysiology of hemorrhagic enteritis

Back 98

Front 99

Macroscopic features of hemorrhagic enteritis

Back 99

✅Haemorrhagic exudate in intestines; blood mixed intestinal contents.

✅Petechial or echymotic haemorrhage in mucosa and submucosa of intestine.

✅Presence of erosions/ulcers in mucosa.

Front 100

Microscopic features of hemorrhagic enteritis

Back 100

✅Haemorrhage in the mucosa of intestine.

✅Infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells.

✅Erosion or ulcers in intestinal mucosa.

✅Presence of coccidia in the mucosa.

Front 101

It is the chronic inflammation of intestine characterized by proliferative changes like proliferation of fibrous tissue, infiltration of mononuclear cells and plasma cells in lamina propria leading to hardening of intestinal wall.

Back 101

Chronic enteritis

Front 102

Etiology of chronic enteritis

Back 102

✅Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovines

✅Intestinal helminths

✅E. coli in poultry

Front 103

This microorganism is excreted in large numbers in feces of infected animals and in lower numbers in their colostrum and milk.

Back 103

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Hint 103

It is resistant to environmental factors and can survive on pasture for >1 yr; survival in water is longer than in soil.

Front 104

Infection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Back 104

fecal-oral route

Front 105

Introduction of the disease into a noninfected herd is usually through _______.

Back 105

herd expansion or replacement purchases

Front 106

Factors affecting resistance to infection of M. paratuberculosis

Back 106

increases with age, and cattle exposed as adults are much less likely to become infected

Front 107

Pathophysiology of chronic enteritis

Back 107

Front 108

Macroscopic features of chronic enteritis

Back 108

✔Thickening of the wall of intestine (corrugations in Johne's disease)

✔Thick mucous cover over mucosa of intestine

✔Transverse corrugations in the large intestine.

✔Granulomatous nodules in duodenum.

✔Small, round, raised necrotic foci on serosal surface of intestine covering whole length of intestine.

Front 109

The granulomatous inflammation leads to _____________ as evidenced by diarrhea and weight loss.

Back 109

intestinal thickening and malabsorption

Front 110

Microscopic features of chronic enteritis

Back 110

✔Proliferation of fibrous tissue in lamina propria.

✔Infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells.

✔Atrophy of intestinal glands.

Front 111

It is characterized by necrosis of mucosal epithelium of intestine leading to erosions/ulcer formation and exposition of underlying tissues

Back 111

Necrotic enteritis

Front 112

Pathophysiology of necrotic enteritis

Back 112

Front 113

Macroscopic features of necrotic enteritis

Back 113

✅Necrotic patches in intestines.

✅Fibrinous deposits over necrotic patches like bran deposits.

✅Swelling of mesenteric lymph nodes.

✅Ulcers in intestine.

Front 114

Microscopic features of necrotic enteritis

Back 114

✅Congestion and infiltration of mononuclear cells.

✅Necrosis and desquamation of intestinal villus epithelium, leading to exposed underlying tissue.

✅Ulcers in mucosa.

✅Proliferation of crypt epithelium, presence of abnormal epithelium over villus surface.

Front 115

It is caused by parasites and is characterized by catarrhal and/or haemorrhagic exudate in intestine, presence of ova/adult parasite and thickening of the wall of intestine.

Back 115

Parasitic enteritis

Front 116

Etiology of parasitic enteritis

Back 116

◾Helminths:

▫Roundworms

▫Tapeworms

◾Protozoa:

▫Coccidia

▫Histoplasma

Front 117

Macroscopic features of parasitic enteritis

Back 117

✅Presence of parasite helminths in the lumen of intestine.

✅Thickening of the wall of intestine.

✅Catarrhal or haemorrhagic exudate in intestine.

Front 118

Microscopic features of parasitic enteritis

Back 118

✅Presence of large number of goblet cells in mucosa of intestine.

✅Congestion and/or haemorrhage.

✅Presence of parasite/ova in the intestinal lumen.

✅Infiltration of eosinophils in mucosa and submucosa of the intestines.

✅Coccidia can be seen on mucosal scrapings under microscope.

Front 119

It is the fibrinous inflammation of intestine characterized by presence of fibrinous exudate comprising of pseudomembrane in the mucosa of intestine.

Back 119

Fibrinous enteritis

Front 120

Etiology of fibrinous enteritis

Back 120

Salmonella choleraesuis

Fusobacterium necropharum

Front 121

Macroscopic features of fibrinous enteritis

Back 121

✅Presence of diphtheritic membrane over mucosa of intestine.

✅Button ulcers.

✅Sometimes, diphtheritic membrane covers the feces.

Front 122

Salmonella and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae can produce _______ in pigs.

Back 122

fibrinous and ulcerative colitis

Front 123

Fibrinous exudation in the small intestine and colon are usually associated with ___________ infection

Back 123

Salmonella spp.

Front 124

Microscopic features of fibrinous enteritis

Back 124

✅Congestion and haemorrhage in intestine.

✅Thickening of intestinal wall due to fibrinous exudate.

✅Fibrin network in mucosa.

Front 125

It is caused by bacteria or fungi and is characterized by granuloma formation in the intestines.

Back 125

Granulomatous enteritis

Front 126

Etiology of granulomatous enteritis

Back 126

▫Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

▫Coli granuloma - E. coli in poultry

▫Coccidioidomycosis / candidiasis.

Front 127

Macroscopic features of granulomatous enteritis

Back 127

✅Elevated/raised areas on the serous surface of intestine.

✅Thickening of the wall of intestine.

✅Small, tiny, white necrotic nodules on serosa.

Front 128

Disease that is characterized by granulomatous enteritis

Back 128

Crohn's disease

Front 129

Microscopic features of granulomatous enteritis

Back 129

✅Granuloma formation consisting of central necrosed area covered by lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelioid cells, giant cells and fibrous connective tissue.

✅Extensive proliferation of fibrous tissue.

✅Presence of bacteria / fungus in the lesion.

Front 130

Intestinal Obstruction (conditions)

Back 130

✔Piliconcretions/Trichobezoar

✔Phytobezoars/Polybezoars

✔Hernia

✔Intussusception

✔Volvulus

✔Torsion

✔Enterolith

Front 131

_________ are hair balls mostly found in stomach/intestines of animals having habit of licking.

Back 131

Piliconcretions

Front 132

TRUE OR FALSE. Piliconcretions is a vice that is more common in suckling calves and in animals with pica related to phosphorus deficiency.

Back 132

True

Front 133

This condition is a result from an excess of indigestible roughage.

Back 133

Phytobezoars

Front 134

_______ refers to bezoars composed of multiple objects

Back 134

Polybezoars

Front 135

This condition is presence of intestinal loop in umbilical area, scrotum or inguinal cavity which causes passive congestion, edema and obstruction in intestines.

Back 135

Hernia

Front 136

__________ is telescoping of intestine means a portion of intestine enters in caudal segment due to violent peristaltic movement.

Back 136

Intussusception

Front 137

TRUE OR FALSE. Intussusception causes obstruction, passive congestion and oedema

Back 137

True

Front 138

In this condition, the loop of intestine passes through a tear in mesentry.

Back 138

Volvulus

Front 139

TRUE OR FALSE. Volvulus causes obstruction at both ends of loop

Back 139

True

Front 140

This is twisting of intestine upon itself causing obstruction.

Back 140

Torsion

Front 141

Concretions in intestines particularly in horses are responsible for obstruction of intestinal tract and cause "colic in horse" and enterocolitis.

Back 141

Enterolith

Front 142

Breed of horse that has an increased incidence of enterolith.

Back 142

Arabian breed

Front 143

Age generally affected by enterolith in horses

Back 143

More than 4 years old

Front 144

TRUE OR FALSE. The stones are usually formed by ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) and collect around a small central nidus, often a metallic foreign body

Back 144

True

Front 145

Enteroliths generally lodge at what part of the horse's intestine?

Back 145

pelvic flexure or transverse colon.

Front 146

TRUE OR FALSE. Diets high in magnesium and phosphorus predispose to enterolith formation

Back 146

True

Front 147

Etiology of necrotic enteritis

Back 147

✔Salmonella

✔Rinderpest, rotavirus, cornovirus, Hog cholera virus.

✔Coccidia, Histoplasma.

✔Niacin deficiency

✔Clostridium sp. after coccidial infection in birds.