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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the clinical presentation of simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis?
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pigmented macrophages with minimal pulmonary dysfunction, with coal macules and nodules and dilated respiratory bronchioles
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What is the presentation of complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis? How often does it occur?
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10% of cases
Fibrosis with significant pulmonary dysfunction. Large black scars with or without areas of necrosis |
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Caplan's syndrome is a complication of what disease?
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coal workers' pneumoconiosis
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What causes silicosis?
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inhalation of silicon dioxide
Crystalline forms: quartz, crystobalite, and tridymite (worse) Non-crystalline forms: talc, vermiculite and mica |
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Describe the progression of silicosis.
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Slow.
Nodular fibrosing lung disease prominent in the upper lobes. In complicated or conglomerate forms can cause honeycomb lung |
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What asbestos structure is associated with mesothelioma?
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Amphibole: stiff and brittle
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Where does fibrosis develop in pts with mesothelioma?
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Lower lobes
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What is Caplan syndrome?
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Complicating lung disease with large cavitating rheumatoid nodules in the lungs
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Smoking increases the risk of what asbestos related disease?
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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What extrapulmonary neoplasms are linked to asbestos exposure?
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stomach and colon cancer
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What is berylliosis?
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Exposure to dust or fumes of metallic beryllium and related oxides, alloys, and salts.
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What population is at risk for berylliosis?
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nuclear and aerospace workers
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What is the presentation of chronic berylliosis look like?
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progressively fibrotic pulmonary granulomas that appear as fine nodularities on chest radiographs.
Pt will have cough, dysnea, cough, weight loss and arthralgias |
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What is the greatest risk associated with exogenous estrogen therapy? Who gets exogenous estrogen?
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Used to treat osteoporosis and symptomatic menopause
Endometrial carcinoma is the greatest risk, but that can be decreased with progestin. Breast carcinomas and thromboembolisms are also increased slightly. |
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The risk of what cancers are decreased with oral contraceptive usage?
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endometrial carcinoma
ovarian cancer |
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What dose of acetominophen is toxic? What is therapeutic?
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Therapeutic dosage starts at 0.5g
Toxic at 15-25g |
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What is the adult and child toxic doses of aspirin? What does the acute toxicity present as?
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2-4g for children
10-30g for adults Acute toxicity: respiratory alkalosis followed by metablic acidosis |
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How much aspirin is need to develop chronic toxicity?
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3g/day
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Tinnitus is associated with which chronic toxicity?
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Aspirin
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Where is lead most likely absorbed in the body?
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Mostly likely in to the lungs, some is absorbed into the GI tract, but not much
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Where is lead deposited in the body?
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In bones
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What toxic material can cause tubulointersitial disease of the kidney?
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Pb
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Characterize Pb associated anemia.
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Microcytic, hypochromic, mildy hemolytic with basophilic stippling
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What percent saturation of CO can cause hypoxia? What percentage can cause unconsciousness and death?
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20-30% can cause hypoxia
60-70% can cause coma and death |
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What are the two liver mechanisms that convert alcohol to acetaldehyde?
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ADH and P450
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How much alcohol can a man metabolize in one hour?
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3/4 oz
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What recreational drug can cause severe pulmonary edema?
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Heroin
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Pts can have granulomatous reactions to heroin, why?
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Reactions to the cutting agents and foreign contaminates.
Granulomata appear in the lung, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes |
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Burns of 20% or more of the body places the patient at risk for _______.
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hypovolemic shock due to interstitial fluid shift.
Protein loss from the blood causes pulmonary and generalized edema. |
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Internal injuries from hot and toxic fumes appear _______ .
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sometimes not for 24-48 hours after the incident.
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What are the leading infectious agents that cause death following a burn?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
S. aureus Candida |
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What population is at risk for heat stroke? What core temperature is deadly?
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elderly
extremem activity CVD >105F will yield >50% mortality |
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What causes high salt concentration cellular damage in hypothermic trenchfoot?
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crystallization of intra and extracellular water
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Why is alcohol bad for hypothermic pts?
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causes superficial vessel dilation
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What type of electrical currents cause tetanic muscle spasms?
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AC
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What are the two forms of ionizing radiation?
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Electromagnetic waves: xrays and gamma rays
High energy particles: alpha, beta, protons |
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What are the terms for a dose of radiation?
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Roentgren (R): quantity of induced ionization in air. It is the measure of exposure.
Radiation absorbed dose (rad) and centigrays (cGy): 100 ergs/g of tissue Curie (Ci): disintegration/sec of radionucleotide |
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What is a linear energy transfer?
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A term for the biologic dose of radiation
Alpha>beta>gamma and xray |
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What is the standard for comparison for a relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) measurement?
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cobalt gamma rays and megavolt xrays
RBE=1 |
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What organ systems are effected at 200-500 rad? 1000 rad? >5000 rad?
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200-500: hematopoietic effects, pancytopenia
500-1000: GI effects, death in days >5000: cerebral effects, death in hours |
