Pathology 9 Non-Answer Definitions

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Colonic Adenocarcinoma

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relationships not strong w/ cancer

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Hepatocellular carcinoma

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arises w/ individuals w/ hepatitis B

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Pulmonary adenocarcinoma

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least likely associated w/ bronchogenic cancer and w/ smoking

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Renal cell carcionma

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associated w/ smoking

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Biomethylation

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by environmental microorganisms of inorganic mercury in water can lead to accumulation of toxic methyl mercury

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Flavin-containing monoxygenase

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found in ER and can oxidize nicotine

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Gluconoridation

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converts naphthylamine to carcinogen that causes urinary tract cancers

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Glutathionine

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helsp break down free radicals made by oxygenate systems such as P 450

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Peroxidase

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dependent on cooxidation, cooxidation path can metabolize 2-naphthylamin to carcinogen that causes urinary tract cancers

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Folate

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deficiency in alcoholic individuals

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Pyridoxine

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deficiency can lead to neuropathy, but doesn't cause cerebral findings

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Niacin

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deficiency leads to pellagra

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Riboflavin

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Deficiency leads to neuropathy, but doesn't mhave cerebral findings

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Vitamin A deficiency

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leads to blindness from keratomalacia

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Vitamin B1 Defiency

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Beriberi

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Vitamin B3 deficiency

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Pellagra

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Vitamin B12 Deficiency

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Anemia, but not megablastostic type

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Vitamin C deficiency

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Scurvy

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Peripheral neuropathy

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characteristic of beriberi (thaminie) deficiency and deficiencies in riboflavin (Vit. B2 and pyridine (Vit B6)

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Goiter

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Iodine deficiency

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Microcytic anemia

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Iron deficiency

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Dermatitis

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Pellagra: seen in niacin deficiency (skin)

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Skeletal deformities

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bowing of long bones and epiphyseal widening seen in rickets (Vit. D deficiency)

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Soft tissue hemmorhages

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scurvy (vit. c)

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Ascorbic acid

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Vitamin C (antiscorbutic

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Calcium

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helps maintain bone mass and serum calcium level

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Cobalamin

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Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to macrocytic anemia and peripheral neuropathy but doesn't result from isoniazid therapy

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Folate

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leads to macrocytic anemia

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Niacin

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pellagra

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Pyridoxine

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isoniazide is a pyridoxine (B6) antagonist

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Riboflavin

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May make neuropathy glossitis and cheilosis

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Ethanol

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leads to CNS depression, but doesn't cause immediate cardiac effect

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Heroin

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Depresses CNS and respiratory function

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Marijuana

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no serious acute toxicities

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phencyclidine

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PCP-produces acute toxicity that mimics psychosis

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Cocaine

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vasoconstrictor and has various vascular effects--ischemic injury to nasal septum; arterial vasoconstriction w/ ischemic inure to heart, arrhthmias, CNS hemorrhages; hyperthermia

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Amphetamine

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CNS stimulants

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Bartibuate

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CNS depressors

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Hypokalemia

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feature of renal disease and glucocorticoid deficiency

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Elevated serum CK

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injury to skeletal and cardiac muscle

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Ketonuria

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feature of absolute inusulin deficnecy

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Elevated serum ALT

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acetaminophen toxicity leads to hepatic necrosis indicated by elevated serum ALT and AST levels; hyperbilirubinemia can be seen if death isn't immediate

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Hyperamylasemia

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seen in pancreatis

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Rickets

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seen in children who are vitamin D deficiency

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Beriberi

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leads to heart failure and results from thiamin deficiency

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Kwashiokor

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results from proteinsdeficiency

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Pellagra

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characterized by 3 D's diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia

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infrared rays

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cause thermal injury

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visible rays

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minimal effects

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x-rays

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minimal effects

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gamma rays

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minimal effects

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Sodium hypochlorite

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household bleach local irritant not likely to be in ta child's living conditions

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Ethylene glycol

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found in antifreeze and can produce acute renal tubular necrosis

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Methanol

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can cause acute central nervous system depression, acidosis, and blindness

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Kerosene

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hydrocarbon, can cause go and respiratory toxicity when ingested

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Lead

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sweet taste that attracts kids, neurologic damage and venous blood levels

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Collagen fibers

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fibroblasts can produce more collagen, although elastic fibers do not regenerate, this is why burned skin tends to lose elasticity requiring grafting

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Dermal appendages

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full thickness burn to arms but partial thickness to other areas. In a full thickness burn, all structures from which re epithelization could occur are lost, including dermal appendages such as sweat glands and hair foolicles

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Epidermal Stratum Spinosum

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loss of only epidermal basal layer would not prevent repithelization from skin appendages

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Keratin

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superficial keratin provides protection, its' loss in burns increases fluid and electrolyte loss but reforms if reepithelization occurs

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Macrophages

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blood monocytes can migrate into tissue to become macrophages which help remodel damaged tissues

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nerves

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loss of nerve endings in full-thickness burns leads to loss of sensation noted on physical examination in this patient but this process does not govern re-epithelization

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Aflatoxin

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naturally occurring toxicity to humans, but builds up in the environment, working their way up the food chain

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Dioxin

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defoliants that are potentially immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic

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Ergot alkaloid

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naturally occurring toxin found in moldy grains and can induce seizure activity

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Organophosphage

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muscaranic effects of acute organophosphate poisoning are counteracted by atropine. Organophosphates are powerful pesticides w/ neurotoxicty to humans

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Pyrethrin

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pesticides w/ weak toxicity

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Vitamin E deficiency

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rare, causes neurologic symptoms related to degeneration of axons in posterior columns of the spinal cord

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Vitamin D deficiency

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rickets

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Vitamin K deficiency

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results in bleeding diathesis

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Vitamin A Deficiency

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important in maintaining epithelial surfaces. Def can lead to squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium, predisposing to infection. Increased keratin buildup leads to follicular plugging and popular dermatosis. Desquamated keratinaceous debris in the urinary tract forms the nidus for stones. Ocular complications of vita def includee xeropthalimia corneal scarring