Patho-Alterations Of Erythrocyte Function

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Polycythemias

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Too many cells

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Anemia

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too few cells

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Anemia

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reduction in total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

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Marocytic

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large

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microcytic

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small

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normocytic

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normal

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Normochromic

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normal amt of hemogolbin

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hypochromic

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decreased amt of hemoglobin

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hemoglobin content

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by terms that end in "-chromic"

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size matters

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by terms that in end in "-cytic"

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Most important clinical manifestations of Anemia

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Hypoxia (reduced oxygen-carrying capacity)

tachycardia

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classic anemia symptoms

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fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, elevated HR and pallor, shortness of breath with minimal exercise.

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Normal WBC range

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4.4-11.3 k/mcL

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Normal RBC range

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4.50-5.10

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Normal Hemoglobin range

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12.3-15.3 g/dL

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Normal Hematocrit range

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36.0-45.0 %

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Normal Platelets range

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150,000-400,000

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Normal Reticuloycte range

(newly made RBC; shows how bone marrow is working)

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0.5-1.5%

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Normal Neutrophils range

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54-62%

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Marcocytic- Normochromic Anemias aslo called:

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Megaloblastic anemias

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the most common Marcocytic Normochromic Anemia

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Pernicious anemia

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Pernicious anemia is caused by

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vitamin B12 deficiency

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Perncicious anemia lacks and is dependent on?

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INTRINSIC FACTOR from the gastric parietal cells, required for vitamin B12 absorption

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The neurologic symptoms from nerve demyelination in pernicious anemia is..

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NOT reversible

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The onset of pernicious anemia is:

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SLOW and SUDDEN

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Treatment of pernicious anemia

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life-long injection treatment is required! if left untreated, death will result

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Folate deficinecy anemia

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not dependent on any other facilitating factor

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Folate is an essential vitamin for?

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RNA and DNA

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Neurologic symptoms in folate deficiency anemia is?

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Usually not seen

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clinical manifestations of folate deficiency anemia are?

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severe cheilosis, stomatitis, painful uclerations of the busccal mucosa and tongue, dysphagia, flatulence and water diarrhea

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Treatment of folate deficiency anemia

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is ORAL dose of folate, life long treatment is not necessay

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Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemia

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abnormally small RBCs and reduced amounts of hemoglobin

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Most common type of anemia WORLDWIDE

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Iron-deficiency anemia

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Microcytic Hypochromic anemias:

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Iron deficiency anemia

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Iron deficiency anemia is associated with

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cognitive impairment in children

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Clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia

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red, sore painful tongue.

become symptomatic when hemoglobin 7-8 g/dl

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Normocytic Normochromic Anemia

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normal in size& hemoglobin content by insufficient in number

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Aplastic anemia

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Pancytopenia (reduction or absence of all types of blood cell)

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Autoimmune disorder

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Aplastic anemia

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Only successful Treatment for Aplastic anemia

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Bone marrow Transplanation

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Posthermorrhagic anemia

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Acute blood loss from the vascular space

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Pathologic mechanisms for anemia of chronic disease

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ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin

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Erythropoietin

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comes from kidney, sends message to bone marrow to make more blood cells.

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Clinical manifestation of Anemia of chronic disease

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same as iron-deficiency anemia but not as dramatic

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Anemia of chronic disease

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mild to moderate anemia from decreased erythropiesis

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Types of Myeloproliferative RBC disorder

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Polycythemia

Relative polycythemia

Polycytheia vera

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Polycythemia

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Overproduction of RBCs occurs

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Relative polcythemia is a result of

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dehydration

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Polycythemia vera

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chronic neoplastic, nonmalignant condition

Overproduction of RBCs, w/ WBC and platelets

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Thrombocytosis

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platelets

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Leukocytosis

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WBCs

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What disease can Polycythemia vera convert into?

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myeloid leukemia

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What organ becomes enlarged in polycythemia?

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spleen

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Treatment for polycythemia to thin blood and remove thickness?

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phlebotomy and low dose aspirin

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Types of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias

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Anemia of chronic disease

Posthemorrhagic anemia

Aplastic anemia

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Types of Mircocytic Hypochromic Anemias

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Iron deficiency anemia

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Types of Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia

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Pernicious Anemia

Folate deficiency anemia