Patho

Front 1

Congestive Heart Failure

Back 1

Inability of heart to pump sufficiently to meet metabolic needs of body
decreased tissue perfusion
SOB with physical activity or while lying flat; tiredness, weakness, and feeling dizzy of faint; irregular or rapid heartbeat; coughing and wheezing, especially at night; weight gain due to excess fluid in the body, which also may cause swelling of the abdomen, feet, and ankles; kidney problems, which can lead to retention of fluid; difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness; difficulty sleeping

Front 2

Systolic Heart Failure.

Back 2

inability of the heart to generate an adequate cardiac output
dyspnea, orthopnea, cough of frothy sputum, fatigue, decreased urine output, and edema
pulmonary edema (cyanosis, rales, pleural effusions), hypotension or hypertension, an S3gallop, and evidence of underlying CAD or hypertension

Front 3

pulmonary edema

Back 3

cyanosis, rales, pleural effusions

Front 4

The acute onset of left (congestive) heart failure is most often the result of

Back 4

acute myocardial ischemia

Front 5

Meds to improve myocardial oxygenation

Back 5

Oxygen, nitrate, and morphine

Front 6

ACE inhibitors

Back 6

reduce preload and afterload and have been shown to reduce mortality in left heart failure

Front 7

Diastolic heart

Back 7

pulmonary congestion despite a normal stroke volume and cardiac output
results from decreased compliance of the left ventricle
pulmonary edema

Front 8

Side effects Diastolic Heart Failure

Back 8

dyspnea on exertion; fatigue; evidence of pulmonary edema (rales on auscultation, pleural effusions)
poor ventricular filling with normal ejection fractions

Front 9

Right Heart Failure

Back 9

As pressure in the pulmonary circulation rises, the resistance to right ventricular emptying increases
pressure will rise in the systemic venous circulation, resulting in peripheral edema and hepatosplenomegaly

Front 10

Right Heart Failure treatment

Back 10

management of the left ventricular dysfunction

Front 11

When right heart failure occurs in the absence of left heart failure, it is caused most commonly by

Back 11

diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, and ARDS.

Front 12

Coronary Artery Disease

Back 12

any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries
impairs the pumping ability of the heart by depriving the heart muscle of blood-borne oxygen and nutrients

Front 13

the most common cause of coronary artery obstruction

Back 13

atherosclerosis

Front 14

Persistent ischemia or the complete occlusion of a coronary artery causes

Back 14

infarction of the deprived myocardial tissue

Front 15

strong link between CAD and

Back 15

elevated plasma lipoprotein

Front 16

Modifiable major risks of CAD

Back 16

dyslipidemia
hypertension
cigarette smoking
diabetes and insulin resistance
obesity
sedentary life-style
atherogenic diet

Front 17

Signs CAD

Back 17

sudden weakness, fatigue, dizziness, body aches, or mild discomfort in the back
chest pain and dyspnea

Front 18

Pericardium

Back 18

Encloses heart
Protects heart against infection and inflammation from lungs
Contains mechanoreceptors that make changes in BP and HR

Front 19

Myocardium

Back 19

thickest layer
AKA cardiac muscle
Damaged during MI

Front 20

endocardium

Back 20

Inside myocardium
connective tissue & squamous cells

Front 21

Systole

Back 21

contraction of the myocardial layer
o Blood leaves the ventricles into the circulation
o Occurs when left ventricle contacts

Front 22

 Diastole

Back 22

relaxation of the myocardial layer
Blood fills the ventricles in early and late diastole
o Occurs when left ventricle relaxes and refills with blood

Front 23

 Contractility

Back 23

o Degree of myocardial fiber shortening

Front 24

 Preload

Back 24

The pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of diastole
determined by end-diastolic volume

Front 25

increased preload increases ..

Back 25

CO

Front 26

Afterload

Back 26

o The resistance to ejection of blood from the left ventricle. It is the load the muscle must move after it starts to contract.

Front 27

 Stroke volume

Back 27

o Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction

Front 28

 Aneurysm

Back 28

o Local dilation or outpouching of vessel wall or cardiac chamber

Front 29

Atherosclerosis

Back 29

thickening and hardening of the vessel

Front 30

 LDL

Back 30

manufactured by liver and primarily contain cholesterol and protein

Front 31

 Atherosclerosis begins with injury to

Back 31

the endothelial cells that line artery walls

Front 32

Signs atherosclerosis

Back 32

arterial bruits
decreased blood flow to tissues
evidence of

Front 33

primary goal of atherosclerosis management

Back 33

restore adequate flow to affected tissues
 Remove cause of vessel damage, prevent lesion progression

Front 34

 The most relevant age associated changes in cardiovascular performance

Back 34

myocardial and blood vessel stiffening, decreased beta-adrenoreceptor responsiveness, and impaired autonomic reflex control of heart rate.

Front 35

 Individuals are diagnosed as having hypertension when

Back 35

average of two or more blood pressure measurements made on two or more consecutive clinical visits documents a diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg or greater or a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or greater.

Front 36

most significant factor in causing target organ damage.

Back 36

hypertension

Front 37

 Hypertension is caused by

Back 37

increases in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, or both

Front 38

signs HTN

Back 38

 Headache, dizziness, n/v, confusion, visual disturbances, renal insufficiency, aortic dissection, HTN crisis

Front 39

 Things that drop the blood pressure

Back 39

o Sodium depletion, dehydration

Front 40

safest and most effective medications for lowering blood pressure

Back 40

thiazide diuretics

Front 41

Buerger’s Disease tends to occur in

Back 41

men who are heavy cigarette smokers

Front 42

Buerger’s Disease

Back 42

inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries

Front 43

chief symptoms of Buerger’s Disease

Back 43

pain and tenderness of the affected part
sluggish blood flow and rubor, and cyanosis,
Chronic ischemia causes the skin to thin and become shiny and the nails to become thickened and malformed

Front 44

meds for Buerger's disease

Back 44

Vasodilators are prescribed to alleviate vasospasm

Front 45

Raynaud Phenomenon and Disease

Back 45

attacks of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers

Front 46

vasospastic attacks of Raynaud's disease are triggered by

Back 46

brief exposure to cold or by emotional stress.

Front 47

signs Raynaud's

Back 47

changes in skin color and sensation caused by ischemia
pallor, numbness, and the sensation of cold in the digits
cyanotic. Rubor

Front 48

signs pulmonary embolism

Back 48

profound shock, hypotension, tachypnea, tachycardia, severe pulmonary hypertension, and chest pain.

Front 49

 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Back 49

Patient has left ventricular failure
Fluid in lungs, redistribution of body water

Front 50

 Kussmaul respirations

Back 50

o Increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes, little expiratory pause

Front 51

 Cheyne Stokes

Back 51

o Gradual increase in depth and rate, followed by decreased, leading to apnea

Front 52

most common cause hypoxemia

Back 52

abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio

Front 53

COPD

Back 53

hypersecretion of mucus
obstructs airflow & causes mismatching of ventilation & perfusion
Loss of elastic lung fibers
Loss of alveolar tissue

Front 54

signs chronic bronchitis

Back 54

decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, and shortness of breath
productive cough

Front 55

best “treatment” for chronic bronchitis

Back 55

prevention

Front 56

meds chronic bronchitis

Back 56

Bronchodilators and expectorants

Front 57

Emphysema

Back 57

abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls
Elastic components lose their recoil

Front 58

signs emphysema

Back 58

dyspnea on exertion
Little coughing and very little sputum
thin
tachypnea with prolonged expiration
must use accessory muscles
chest has a hyperresonant sound with percussion
often leans forward with arms extended and braced on knees when sitting

Front 59

meds emphysema

Back 59

Inhaled bronchodilators
corticosteroids and antibiotics
Oxygen

Front 60

signs atelectasis

Back 60

dyspnea, cough, fever, and leukocytosis.

Front 61

signs atelectasis

Back 61

pain, breathe shallowly, are reluctant to change position, and produce viscous secretions that tend to pool in dependent portions of the lung after surgical procedures

Front 62

asthma

Back 62

Recurrent episodes of obstructive airway inflammation causing mucus secretion & mucosal edema or bronchial spasms due to hyperresponsiveness to stimuli

Front 63

signs asthma

Back 63

chest constriction, inspiratory and expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive coughing, prolonged expiration, tachycardia, and tachypnea occur at the beginning of an attack. With severe attacks the accessory muscles of respiration are prominent

Front 64

meds asthma

Back 64

inhaled bronchodilators
oral corticosteroids

Front 65

lungs cancers arise from

Back 65

epithelium of the respiratory tract

Front 66

signs lung cancer

Back 66

coughing, chest pain, sputum production, hemoptysis, pneumonia, airway obstruction, and pleural effusions

Front 67

Most common sign pneumothorax

Back 67

tracheal deviation

Front 68

signs TB

Back 68

fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, and a low-grade fever
cough
Night sweats
general anxiety
Dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis

Front 69

pneumonia

Back 69

infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasites
Inflammation of alveoli, interstitial tissue and bronchioles

Front 70

signs pneumonia

Back 70

Severe shaking with chills, fever, SOB, cough, rapid breathing, chest pain, n/v, headache, fatigue
inspiratory crackles, increased tactile fremitus, egophony
whispered pectoriloquy

Front 71

diagnosis of pneumonia is confirmed by

Back 71

finding infiltrates on chest x-ray

Front 72

first step in the management of pneumonia

Back 72

establishing adequate ventilation and oxygenation

Front 73

croup

Back 73

acute laryngotracheobronchitis
common among young children from 6 months to 5 years
due primarily to subglottic edema

Front 74

signs croup

Back 74

rhinorrhea, sore throat, and low-grade fever
seal-like barking cough

Front 75

Dissociation curve shift to left

Back 75

Decreased PaCO2
Decreased temp
Increased pH
Alkalosis, hypothermia
Increased oxygen affinity for hemoglobin

Front 76

Dissociation curve shift to right

Back 76

Increase PaCO2
Increased temp
Decreased pH
Acidosis, fever
Decreased oxygen affinity for hemoglobin (blood will release oxygen more readily)

Front 77

uncompensated

Back 77

pH ↓
CO 2 Normal
CO3 ↓

Front 78

partially compensated

Back 78

pH ↓
CO2 ↓
CO3 ↓

Front 79

fully compensated

Back 79

pH ↓ N
CO2 ↓
CO3 ↓

Front 80

Pleural effusion

Back 80

fluid in the pleural space

Front 81

Pleurisy

Back 81

pain of chest caused by inflammation of pleural space
Will hear friction rub