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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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leukoplakia |
- 40-70year old - 2:1 male: female - tobacco - white patch - 5-10% premalignant - hyperkeratosis |
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erythroplakia |
- 40-70 year old - 2:1 male:female - tobacco - red, velvety, maybe eroded area - increased malignancy risk |
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mouth squamous cell carcinoma |
- tongue, mouth, lip, soft palate, gingiva - alcohol, tobacco, HBV - late diagnosis--> 50% 5 yr survival |
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Sjogren syndrome |
- autoimmune disorder causing xerostomia (decrease saliva production) - effects moisture secreting glands |
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sialadenitis |
inflammation of salivary glands - caused by trauma/blockage--> mucocele (swelling) - viral: mumps, bacterial: staph aureus, viridian's |
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salivary gland tumour |
60-80% in parotid gland - increased size --> decrease risk of malignancy benign: pleomorphic adenoma, warthrin malignant: mucoepidermal carcinoma |
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esophageal achalesia |
achalesia- failure of a sphincter to relax - failure of lower sphincter, lose contractility |
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hiatus hernia |
part of stomach protrudes above diaphragm into esophagus |
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atresia |
- embryonic developmental disorder, failure of formation of lumen, tube absent or abnormal |
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fistula |
- abnormality in which one hollow organ protrudes into another- etc esophagus into trachea |
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esophageal varices |
- dilation of veins in submucosa - sign of portal hypertension - risk of rupture |
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Mallory-Weiss |
- most common esophageal laceration - associated with alcohol - causes severe retching, vomiting |
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esophagitis |
- physical, chemical, mechanical agents - cause burning retrosternal pain (heart burn) - +/- dysphalgia |
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reflux esophagitis |
- reflux of gastric contents--> esoph - over 40, infants, obese, pregnant - burning chest pain - defect in lower sphincter, alc, meds - acid damage squamous epithelium--> inflammation |
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Barrett's metaplasia |
- complication of reflux esophagitis - 40-60 year old white male - squamous cell in esophagus replaces with goblet cell (columnar epithelium) from intestine - 1% dysplasia--> adenocarcinoma |
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malignant carcinoma of esophagus |
- over 60 - dysphagia, retrosternal or epigastric pain, weight loss - poor prognosis because late presentation - 90% squamous cell: tobacco, alc, mid esoph - 10% adenocarcinoma: Barrett's metaplasia, lower esoph |
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pyloric stenosis |
congenital abnormality, 4/1000 births, 4:1 male to female - projectile vomit at 2-3 weeks because of outflow obstruction - corrected surgically |
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acute gastritis |
- from alcohol, stress, NSAIDs - transient mucosal inflammation - can lead to acute gastric ulceration |
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chronic gastritis |
- mucosal inflammation with mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia - usually no erosions 1. h. pylori (most common)- antrum, risk of cancer- test with urea breath test, serology, low SES 2. auto-immune (10%)- Ig to parietal cell/ intrinsic factor 3. chemical- repeated injury--> reactive gastritis |
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peptic ulcer disease |
- lesion anywhere exposed to acid - duodenum and stomach antrum - mostly H.pylori, smoking, NSAIDs - complication of chronic gastritis - 80% solitary lesion - burning epigastric pain --> strictures, hemorrhage, perforation, malignancy |
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hyperplastic/inflammatory polyp in stomach |
- mass projecting above mucosa - 50-60 - body or antrum of stomach - often multiple, <1cm - associated with chronic gastritis --> chronic lesion - increase size proportional to increase risk of malignancy |
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adenoma of stomach |
- antrum of stomach - 50-60 year old, 3:1 male to female - linked to chronic gastritis - increase size proportional to risk of malignancy - <2cm |
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primary gastric lymphoma |
- H.pylori--> chronic gastritis--> MALToma (B cell lymphoma, dense lymphocytic infiltration) - vomit blood, blood in stool |
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GI stromal tumour |
- uncommon - vomit blood, blood in stool - problem with cells of Cajal - solitary fleshy mass - treat with tyrosine-kinase inhibitor |
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gastric adenocarcinoma |
- 2nd most common fatal cancer - 50-70 yr, 2:1 male to female - dyspepsia, dysphalgia, nausea, altered bowel - more in Japan, Chile, E. Europe - associated with high salt, smoked diet - H. pylori, genetic - intestinal vs diffuse (signet ring cells) |
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imperforate anus |
congenital abnormality - missing/blocked anus 1/5000 - cloaca (1 orifice) 1/20,000 |
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meckel diverticulum |
- congenital abnormality - abnormal pouch in lumen penetrating into ileum - 2% pop, 2 feet from ileocecal junction, 2 inches long, 2:1 male:female, symptom by age 2 - can fill with waste --> infection |
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Hirshprung disease |
- congenital abnormality - agangliosis in submucosa of GIT - inability of peristalsis --> obstruction - dilation of proximal areas- "megacolon" |
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meconium ileus |
congenital abnormality - meconium is thicker and stickier than normal - meconium gets stuck in ileum - often first sign of cystic fibrosis |
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intestinal adhesion |
- mechanical obstruction of intestine - adhesion between intestine loops due to inflammation (surgery, infection) - abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, constipation |
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volvulus |
mechanical intestinal obstruction - twisting of intestinal loops - abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, constipation |
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intersuception |
- common in infants - part of intestine goes into another - peristalsis problem - abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, diarrhea |
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occlusive ischemia in bowel |
- arterial/venous blood supply cut off from thrombus/ embolus |
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non-occlusive ischemia in bowel |
- inadequate blood supply from hypotension, shock, dehydration, volvulus, herniation etc |
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ischemic bowel disease |
- caused by atherosclerosis - 'watershed areas': splenic flexure, sigmoid colon, rectum - uncommon but 60-100% death rate (perforation) - risk factors: +50, history of CVS - present: abdominal pain and tenderness |
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necrotising enterocolitis |
- acute transmural necrosis of intestine - bacterial infection--> ischemia - most common GI emergency in neonates - distention, bloody stool - surgical resection |
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celiac |
autoimmune malabsorption disease - immune cells react to gluten - genetic (HLA-D2), environmental - presents child--> 40s - failures to thrive, steatorrhea, diarrhea, anemia, weight loss - villi atrophy--> crypts hypertrophy--> lose cell surface for absorption |
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Chrons' |
inflammatory bowel disease - abnormal immune response to gut flora - abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea - skip lesions- mouth- anus- transmural - granulomas (60%), fistula, skin tags, fissuring ulcers |
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ulcerative colitis |
inflammatory bowel disease - abnormal immune response to gut flora - abdominal pain, bloody/stringy/mucous diarrhea - continuous from rectum to colon - superficial inflammation |
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diverticular disease |
herniations of mucosa of intestinal wall- forms pouches - often in left iliac fossa - from low fibre diet - 50% over 60, less than 20% symptomatic - 10% complications: diverticulitis (waste trapped--> inflammation) , hemorrhage, fistula |
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adenocarcinoma of large intestine |
tubular (75%)- <10mm, pedunculated, raspberry villous (10%)- >20mm, sessile tubulovillous (15%) |
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Familial Adenomatous Polyposis |
- 75% inherited, mutation in APC gene (tumour suppressor) - 500-520 colonic adenomas (mostly tubular) - over 100 for diagnosis - gardner syndrome: extra intestinal polyps - can lead to adenocarcinoma |
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Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer |
"lynch syndrome" - inherited mutated genes- MSH2, HLHI - family clustering - increase risk of extra-intestinal cancers |
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colorectal cancer |
- from "Western world diet" (low fibre, high carb) - 60-80 year old, number 2 cause of malignant death - 50% rectum, 30% sigmoid colon presents: change in bowel habit, tenesmus, bleeding prostate - if anemia in older male- considered cancer until disproven |
