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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 typical stages of ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME
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1) PRODROMAL
2) LATENT PERIOD 3) MANIFEST ILLNESS STAGE |
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Prodromal Phase
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nausea, vomiting, anorexia, headache, prostration, malaise, etc..
usually appears within six hours <2 hrs: (dose likely >200 rem) rem > 400 (persists for several days) rem > 600 (prodromal phase merges w/ manifest illness) |
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at what rem levels to symptoms appear?
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50 rem: symptoms in some
100 rem: symptoms in most 200 rem: symptoms in all 400 rem: prodromal phase lasts for several days 600 rem: prodromal phase merges with manifest illness stage |
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unplanned radiation exposures
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1. Irradiation Facilities
2. Nuclear Reactors & Isotope production 3. Isotope Production Facilities 4. Materials Testing (sealed sources & x-rays) 5. X-ray and Radiotherapy Devices (medicine, research) 6. Unsealed Radionuclides (medicine, research) Transportation Terrorist activities |
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unit of radiological ACTIVITY
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Ci (Curie)
SI unit = SV (Sievert) |
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unit of radiological EXPOSURE
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R (Roentgen)
SI unit = Bq (Becquierel) |
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unit of absorbed radiation
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rad
SI unit = Gy (Gray) |
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What is the "dose" of background radiation experienced in a year?
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2.5 mSv
~1.5 mSv/y from radon (high-LET; alpha radiation) ~1.0 mSv/y (low-LET; beta and gamma radiation) |
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what percentage of background radiation is "man-made"?
-how much of that is medical? |
18% of radiation is "man-made"
-79% of that is medical -1% is related to the nuclear fuel cycle |
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What is the protective standard of radiation of acceptable radiation for:
-the general public? -the worker? |
general public: 1 mSv/y
worker: 50 mSv/y (100 mSv/5 y) |
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What is a "low-dose" of radiation
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<0.1 Sv (<100mSv)
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Types of ionizing radiation
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Alpha Particles: (stopped by paper)
Beta Particles: (stopped by clothing) Gamma Rays (stopped by thick concrete or <1 inch of lead) |
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alpha particles are ejected from
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nuclei of very heavy radioactive atoms
injested particles can damage tissue unlikely patient would be contaminated with alpha particles |
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beta particles
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electron ejected from the nucleus of a radiactive atom
only moderately penetrating possible damage to skin or if internally deposited |
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gamma rays and x-rays
-can travel how far? |
photoms, able to travel many feet in air and many inches in human tissue
= penetrating radiation protective clothing, little help other than prevention of skin damage |
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what is a rad?
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basic unit of radiation dose
defined as: deposition of 0.01 joule of energy (a small amount) per kilogram (kg) of tissue. |
