Path 3: Intro To Immuno

Front 1

define immunogen and antigen

Back 1

immunogen-an antigen that induces an immune response. Antigen-a molecule tha binds to antibody or is recongize by T cells

Front 2

List several antigen characteristics that make it more immunogenic

Back 2

large, complex, particulate, denatured, very different from self protein, effective interaction with host MHC

Front 3

Describe Pattern recognition receptors

Back 3

innate immune components that recongize structures shared by microbes, the receptors are encoded in the germline which limits their ability to adapt

Front 4

Which TLRs recgonize extracellular pathogen structures

Back 4

TRL 1,2,6= peptidoglycan, lipoprotien, liptechoic acid;
TLR-4=gram negative LPS, fungal mannans, viral envelope proteins;
TLR-5=bacterial flagellin

Hint: Give me "5" as you head "out" the door to capture the germs with "1,2,6, 4"

Front 5

Which TLRs recognize intracellular pathogens

Back 5

3, 7,8,9 (microbial nucleic acids, single stranded RNA, unmethylated CpG dinucleotides)

Front 6

Engagement of PPRs recruits adapter proteins which then leads to the activation of protein kinases and the the actication of TF's like NFkB and IRF-3. Which cytokine genes are activated as a result of this cascade

Back 6

NFkB=TNF, IL-1, IL-12; IRF-3=INF A, B

Front 7

Gives some examples of genes activated as a result of the PPR cascade

Back 7

cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-12, via NFkB), chemokines, E-selectin, Costimulatory molecules, antiviral cytokines-IFNa/B (via IRF-3)

Front 8

What is the first activation signal recived by a CD4 t cell

Back 8

The TCR binds to the antigen presented in the MHC II molecule of an APC

Front 9

What is the second activation signal received by a t cell

Back 9

CD28 on the t cell

binds to

CD 80/B7 on the APC

Front 10

What is the first signal for b cell activation

Back 10

antigen binds to membrane bound IgM

Front 11

What is the second signal for B cell activation

Back 11

Complement protein binds to CD21 on the b cell

Front 12

T/F antigen must be presented to a B cell

Back 12

false, in contrast to T cells which required antigen to be presented in MHC to provide the first signal for actication, B cells bind soluable antigen with membrane bound IgM as the first signal for activation

Front 13

how does a secondary responses to the same antigen compare to the primary response in terms of time and magnitude

Back 13

The second exposure results in a much more rapid and robust  response due to the prescence of memory B cells

Front 14

Each type of T cells is MHC restriced. Which MHC does each type of T cells respond to ?

Back 14

T helper cells (CD4) are MHC II restricted, cytoxic t cells  (CD8) are class I restricted

Front 15

Give three general functions of activated T helper cells (activated by TCR+MHC II and CD28+B7 (CD80))

Back 15

1. cytokine secretion 2. activation of Ab secreting plasma cells 3. activation of cytotoxic t cells

Front 16

cellular mediators of inate immunity include

Back 16

neutrophils, macrophges, eosinophils, mast cells

Front 17

How do the humoral and cell mediated immune systems differ in terms of: types of microbes recognized

Back 17

humoral-extracellular microbes, CMI=intracellular microbes

Front 18

How do the humoral and cell mediated immune systems differ in terms of: responding lymphocytes

Back 18

humoral=B lymphocyte, CMI=T cells-both helper and cytotoxic

Front 19

How do the humoral and cell mediated immune systems differ in terms of: effector mechanism

Back 19

Humoral-secreted antibody; CMI-Helper T activation of other cells, CTL killing of infected cells

Front 20

How do the humoral and cell mediated immune systems differ in terms of: general function

Back 20

Humoral-block infections and elminate extracellular microbes; CMI-actiated other cells, kill infected cells

Front 21

T helper cells can be divided into TH 1, TH2, and Th17. What do TH1 cells produce, what reactions do they trigger, what do they defined against?

Back 21

TH1 cells produced IFN-gamma which leads to macrophage acivation and sitmulation of IgG antibody production, this defends the host against intracellular microbes.

Front 22

T helper cells can be divided into TH 1, TH2, and Th17. What do TH2 cells produce, what reactions do they trigger, what do they defined against?

Back 22

TH2 cells produce IL4,5, and 13. The sitmulated the production of IgE and activation of mast cells and eosinphils. They help defend the host against helminthic parasites.

Front 23

T helper cells can be divided into TH 1, TH2, and Th17. What do TH17 cells produce, what reactions do they trigger, what do they defined against?

Back 23

TH17 cells produced IL-17, IL-22 and chemokines, they lead to the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes which defend the host against extracellular bacteria and fungi

Front 24

Each type of T helper cell can be associated with disease if their function goes array. Describe the disease associated with each type

Back 24

TH1 and 17-immune mediated chronic inflammatory diseases, TH2-allergies

Front 25

Which type of T helper cell fights intracellular microbes? Extracellular?

Back 25

intracellular-TH1 (produce IFNgamma, activated macrophages, stimulate IgG);

extracellular=TH17 (IL-17, IL22, chemokines, recruit neutrophils, monocytes)

Front 26

Which molecules function as receptors on naieve B lymphocytes

Back 26

membrane bound IgM and IgD

Front 27

Which antibodies are produced by activated B cells/ "terminal antibodies"

Back 27

IgA, G, E (hint they are express only at a certain AGE)

Front 28

where are B and T cells produced? Where do they mature

Back 28

both produced in the bone marrow from  stem cells. They mature in the generative lymphoid organs-bone marrow for B cells and thymus for T cells

Front 29

which cells function as APCs?

Back 29

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Front 30

Describe the function of neutrophils

Back 30

reside in the tissues, first granulocyto respond to inflammation, phagocytose bacteria, release cytokines, produce chemokines, definsins, lysozyme, lactoferrin, respiratory burst

Front 31

Describe the process of phagocytosis

Back 31

1. recongition and attachment (not random!), 2. engulfment, 3. killing via ROS and NO after fusion of phagosome with lysosome then degradation

Front 32

what is the function of activated macrophages

Back 32

phagocytosis, cytokine production, antigen presentation

Front 33

describe NK cells? Fxn?

Back 33

large granular lymphocytes which recognize foreign cells of many different types, kill infected, stress or damanged cells. activated WITHOUT prior exposure t oantigen and independent of antigen presentation.

Front 34

what are the primary/generative lymphoid tissues? What occurs here

Back 34

bone marrow and thymus=hematopoietic progenitors, lymphocyte development

Front 35

Give some examples of secondary (peripheral) lymphoid tissues. What occurs here?

Back 35

Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT/ SALT, sites of immune responses

Front 36

Describe the organization of the spleen in terms of where each type of lymphocyte is located

Back 36

periarterial= t cell zone, @periphery in follicle=b cell zone

Front 37

Describe the organization of a lymph node in terms of where each type of lymphocyte is located

Back 37

T cell zone=parafollicular cortex, B cell zone= lymphoid follicle

Front 38

Give some examples of cell derived immune mediators

Back 38

arachidonic acid metabolits, cytokines, ROS, RN, neuropeptides

Front 39

Give three examples of plasma derived immune mediators

Back 39

complement, kinin, coagulation

Front 40

define cytokines

Back 40

regulatory proteins secreted by leukocytes and other cell types throughout the body with pleiotropic actions (direct development of immunity, induce/ regulate inflammation, regulate hematopoiesis, control proliferation and differentiation, wound healing)

Front 41

define chemokines

Back 41

large family of LMW chemotactic cytokines that stimulate directed leukocyte migration and regulate movement from the blood into the tissues

Front 42

describe cytokine receptors/ what response follows binding

Back 42

binding to receptors leads to the sequential activation of defined sets of cellular kinases and then of transcription factors, note that several signaling components are shared amongst some of the receptor families

Front 43

Describe chemokine receptors

Back 43

members of the G protein coupled family

Front 44

What is the main function of TNF? Which cell produces most of it

Back 44

TNF is the principle mediator of acute inflammatory response to gram negative bacteria and other microbes, it is responsible for many of the systemic effects of severe infections. it is produced mainly by macrophages but also activated T cells, NK cells, and mast cells.

Front 45

Describe the signal cascade that occurs when TNF binds its receptor

Back 45

activation of TRAF leading to modification of gene expression via NFkB and AP1 transcription factors

Front 46

Describe how steroids and COX 1/2 inhibitors control inflammation

Back 46

steroids inhibit phospholipases, COX inhibitos inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to downstream products. both of these prevent the formation of eicosanoids which  mediate components of the inflammatory response

Front 47

define complement

Back 47

a system of serum and cell surface proteins that interact with one another and other molecules of the immune response to generate effectors of innate and adaptive immune systems.