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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does the Census Bureau define family? |
2 or more people living together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption |
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How does the textbook define family? |
A relationship by blood, marriage, or affection, in which members may cooperate economically, care for children, and may consider their definition to be intimately connected to a larger group |
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Family of orientation: |
family that you are born into |
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Family of procreation: |
family that you make through marriage, partnering, and or parenthood |
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What is fictive kin? |
Non-relatives whose bonds are strong and intimate |
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Why are definitions important? |
Respect to rights, access to social security benefits, pensions, and health insurance |
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Functions of families across all cultures: |
-All cultures have marriage -Regulation of Sexual behavior -incest is taboo across all |
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Reproducing and socializing children across all cultures: |
generally societies agree that reproduction should occur within an established family |
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Micro level: Macro level: |
Micro level: People focusing on their own interactions in specific settings- personal choices Macro level: examines how marriage, families, and intimate relationships are interconnected with society |
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Polygamy: |
a system that allows for more than one spouse at a time. Illigal |
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Polygyny: |
a marriage pattern in which husbands can have more than one wife. Illigal. |
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Polyandry: |
wives are allowed to have more than one husband |
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Matriarchy: |
no cases of true matriarchies are known |
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Egalitarian: |
expectation that power and authority are equally vested in men and women |
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Bilateral: |
descent that can be traced through both male and female sides of the family |
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Patrilineal: |
pattern where lineage is traced exclusively through the man's family line |
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Matrilineal: |
a descent pattern where lineage is traced exclusively or primarily within women's families. Passed on through their male family members though
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Neolocal: |
expectation that a newly married couple establishes a residence and lives there independently |
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Patrilocal: |
newly married couple lives with the husbands family. Common in other areas of the world |
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Matrilocal: |
newly married couple will live with the wife's family. Not common |
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Families in Colonial America: European Colonists: |
Families acted as: -businesses -schools -churches -correctional institutes -health and social welfare institutes Most families lives in nuclear families with the exception of extended families. Had 6 or more children often times, strict parents, children working, women not equal |
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Families during african american slavery: |
- blood relationships extremely important -many female headed households |
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Families during industrialization, urbaniation, and immigration: |
families moved from farms to urban areas, many immigrants came to the US, alcoholism, violence, crime raised. |
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Modern family in the 20th century: |
depression caused unemployment and homelessness, many women went to work, seperate families, women went to college to find partner, not career, marriage ages extremely low |
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Companionate family: |
based on mutual affection, sexual attraction, compatibility, and personal happiness |
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Families today: |
middle and lower class have less purchasing power, minimum wage doesn't keep up, |
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Empirical approach: |
an approach that answers questions through a systematic collection and analysis of data |
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Methods of social research: |
-Survey -In-depth interview -experiment -focus group -observational study -secondary analysis |
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Structural functionalism theory: |
a theory that attempts to determine structure, systems, functions, and equilibrium of social institutions |
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Conflict theory: |
a theory that emphasizes issues surrounding social inequality, power, conflict, and social change |
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feminist theory: |
a theory in which gender is seen as the central concept for explaining family structure and family dynamics |
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social exchange theory: |
a theory that draws on a model of human behavior used by many economists. it assumes that individuals are rational beings, and their behavior reflects decisions evaluated on the basis of costs- both direct and opportunity costs- and benefits |
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symbolic interaction theory: |
a theory that emphasizes the symbols we use in everyday interaction- words, gestures, appearances- and how these are interpreted |
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developmental theory: |
a theory that suggests families and individual family members go through distinct stages over time, with each stage having its own set of tasks, roles, and responsibilities |
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systems theory: |
a theory that proposes that a family system- the family members and the roles that they play- is larger than the sum of its individual members |
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is there a decline in the way that young people value marriage? |
not really |
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Autocratic parenting: |
Strict, harsh childbearing. |
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Hobbesian View of autocratic parenting: |
believed that children's will needs to be tamed -man's castle -children had low status |
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Calvin/Puritan Beliefs: |
inherant sinfullness of children, firm disciplin, no affection, children beaten |
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Hall's View: |
-believed children are not like adults, unique and different. |
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Watson's Views: |
Suggested to now show affection to children. believed responsive parenting spoiled children, |
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Freud's Views: |
children are good and under optimal conditiosn their talents would emerge. affection is good, |
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Attachment theory: |
Developed by John Bowlby: -socialization begins with parental care, stress responses, |
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Rene Spitz's ideas: |
importance of parental responsiveness. |
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B.F. Skinner believed in reinforcement as a consequence for appropriate behavior |
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Social learning theory: |
B.F. Skinner, Walters, and Bandura: children learn through reinforcement. Imitation and modeling |
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Erikson: |
Developed the Theory of Psychosocial development. quality of parent child relationship affects individuals ability to solve the psychological crisis at each stage |
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Montessori: |
Children have absorben Minds. encouraged exploring and learning. |
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Caroline Pratt: |
Children's play is their work |
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Jean Piaget: |
infants and children are cognitively capable humans and they actively engage with their environment to learn, |
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Vygotsky: |
Developed sociocultural theory: scaffholding too. |
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Dreikur's Social Discipline Theory: |
Democracy encouraged. |
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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model: |
Microsystem, mesosystem, eosystem, and chronosystem. |
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Microsystem: |
Home, parents |
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Mesosystem: |
school, teachers, caregivers |
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Exosystem: |
economic recession, war, technology |
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Ethnotheories: |
implicit, taken for granted ideas about the "right" way to act. Such as religion |
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Family development theory: |
stages families go through |
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Galinsky's Six Stages of Parenthood: |
1) Image-Making - prepping during pregnancy 2) Nurtuting- continues to about 24 months. 3) Authority- beings about age 2 4) Interpretive- begins age 5. children become more independent 5) Interdependent - adolescence. shared power 6) departure- children begin to leave home |
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Six parenting patterns: |
-Authoritative -Authoritarian -Permissive -Traditional -Indulgent -Indifferent |
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Authoritative Parents: |
Demanding and Nurturing |
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Authoritarian Parents: |
More harsh, more demanding, discourage freely expressing children |
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Permissive Parents: |
Lack of rules and nurture |
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Indulgent Parents: |
No discipline, but nurturing |
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Indifferent parents: |
don't really bother with children |
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Total fertility rate: |
Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. Births per woman. |
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General fertility rate: |
number of children born per 1,000 women ages 15-44 |
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Crude fertility rate: |
The number of children born per 1,000 population. |
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Pronatalism: |
A cultural value that encourages childbearing |
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ART: Assisted reproductive technology: |
All fertility treatments in which either egg or sperm or both are handled. |
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Traditional surrogacy: |
man's sperm is put into another woman to carry to term. surrogate is bio mom |
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Gestational surrogacy: |
Man's sperm and woman's egg is put into surrogate mother |
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Closed Adoption: |
identifying info is sealed to all parties |
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Open adoption: |
direct contact between the bio and adoptive parents |
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Public adoption: |
occurs through licensed public agencies |
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Private adoption: |
adoption arranged between bio and adoptive parents with the help of an attorney |