Parasitology Midterms

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area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

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Parasitology

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organism that lives on or in ita host, which is usually a larger organism, that provides physical protection and nourishment

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Parasite

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those that attack another living animal or organism not necessarily killing them

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Predator

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they are the victim

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Prey

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Organism from which a parasite obtains its nutrition and/or shelter

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Host

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used normally by parasite in the course of its life cycle and in which it may multiply asexually and but not sexually

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Intermediate host

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host in which secual production of parasite takes place

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Definitive Host

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organism in which a parasite that is pathogenic for some other species, lives and multiplies usually without damaging its host

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Reservoir Host

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devouring those dead of natural causes or taking the livings of the predator

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Scavenger

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living together in more or less intimate association or close union of two dissimilar organisms

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Symbiosis

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beneficial to one partner and at least not disadvantageous to the other;
one obtains food or other benefits from the other without damaging it

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Commensalism

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beneficial to both

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Mutualism

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Symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the host is to some degree injured through the activities of the other

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Parasitism

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host that transmit parasite to man

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Vectors

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those that are essential in the life cycle

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Biologic Vectors

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Those that are not essential in the life cycle

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Phoretic or Mechanical Vectors

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cannot exist without the host

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Obligate Parasite

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Can be free living or parasitic

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Facultative Parasite

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free living amoeba that may invade and colonize the brain and other sites

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Amphizoic

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free living parasites or organisms that parasitize other host;
they merely pass the intestine;
recovered in living or dead state from human species

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Spurios

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scientific study of quantifying parasites in a sample of hosts or comparing measures of infection across two or more samples

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Quantitative Parasitology

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study of parasites on their interactions with their hosts and environment as well as their life cycles

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Parasite ecology

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deals with the study of parasite conservation specially those living in the wild and harmless to humans and domesticated animals that includes captive breeding and reintroduction program.

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Conservation Biology of Parasite

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study of classification, identification and naming of parasites accdg. to evolutionary relationship and through molecular sequencing & morphological data matrices.

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Taxonomy and Phylogenetics

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type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism is mechanically carried on or in another species

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Phoresis

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parasite lives inside the body of a host

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Endoparasite

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parasite living outside the body of the host

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ectoparasite

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disease of animals that are transmissible to man

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zoonosis

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classification of zoonosis that is common to man & reservoir host

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euzoonosis

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classification of zoonosis that is infrequent to man and is incidental

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parazoonosis

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infection required by man from other vertebrates

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anthropozoonosis

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human infection that maybe acquired by other vertebrates

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zooanthroponosis

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harbors particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

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carrier

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period between infection and evidence of symptoms

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incubation / clinical incubation period

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period between infection or acquisition of the parasite or demonstration of infection

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Pre-patent / Biological Incubation Period

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results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

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autoinfection

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results when already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite as in worm burden

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Superinfection / Hyperinfection

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What are the portals of entry?

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1. Mouth - engestion
2. Skin - penetration or direct contact
3. Nose - Inhalation
4. Placenta - Parenteral
5. Genetalia - Sexual

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parasites that infect a single host specie

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simple / direct life cycle

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parasites that must infect more than one host species to complete their development.

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Complex / Indirect Life Cycle

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field of medical science which is concerned with the relationship of the various factors and conditions which determine frequencies and distribution of an infectious process, a disease of physiological state in a human community;
body of knowledge that concerns disease in human population or communities rather in individual

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Epidemiology

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a.k.a worm burden;
refers to the number of worms per infected person and can be measured directly or indirectly

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intensity of infection

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rate of incidence of a disease, clinical consequences of infection

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morbidity

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disease maintains a steady, moderate level

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endemic

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prevalence of a disease is high

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hyperendemic

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sharp rise in the incidence or an outbreak of considerable intensity

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epidemic

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disappears occassionally in one or at most a few members of the community

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sporadic

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refers to the knowledge of the frequency of disease in animal communities

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epizoology

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prevalent among or restricted to animals of a specific geographical area

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enzootic

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outbreak of disease affecting many animals of one kind at the same time

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epizootic

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disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area.

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panzootic

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Host's mechanism against the parasite - Natural / Non-Specific Immune Defense:

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1. Skin (GALT & SALT)
2. secretions / gastric juices
3. human reflexes (coughing & flashing action of urine)
4. neutrophils and eosinophils

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Host's mechanism against parasite - Acquired / Specific Immune Response:

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1. MHC
2. HLA

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planning, organization, performance and monitoring of activities for the modification of environmental factors

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Environmental management

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involves intervention to reduce environmental helath risks & vector control such as proper waste disposal of human & animal excreta.

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Environmental sanitation

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includes personal and domestic hygiene combined with access to safe drinking water

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sanitation

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produce large amount of surface glycoproteins that impair B & T - cell activities by antigenic competition

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induction of immune response

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ex: T. gambiense

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exhibit antigenic diversity by having repeated variation of encoded polypeptides paired with amino acids resulting to failure of antibodies to recognize the antigen.

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antigenic variations

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ex: P. falciparum

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adult can acquire antigenic molecules from the host which the antibodies produced against the parasite then fail to recognize non-self from self antigen.

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Host mimicry

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Ex: Echinococcus granulosus

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Proliferate inside the macrophages of various organs once intracellular, they are able to escape the host

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intracellular sequestration