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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parasitosis |
Infected with parasites and clinical symptoms |
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Parasitiasis |
Infected with parasites but NOT clinical |
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Endoparasite |
Parasites is the host body Infection |
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Ectoparasites |
Parasite on host body Infestation |
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Erratic parasite |
Parasite that has wondered from typical infection site |
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Incidental parasite |
Parasite in a species other than the typical host |
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Faculatative parasite |
Free living organism that can become parasitic |
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Obligatory parasite |
Must live parasitic life to survive |
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Periodic parasite |
Makes short visits to host |
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Pseudoparasite |
Looks like a parasite but is not |
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Definitive host |
Host that harbors mature, sexually reproductive parasite |
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Intermediate host |
Host that harbors larval, juvenile, immature parasite |
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Encysted parasite |
'suspended animation' Arrested growth stage of a parasite |
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Oocyst |
Protozoan product of sexual reproduction |
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Ova |
Multicellular parasite, product of reproduction |
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Transport host |
Intermediate host Carrington encysted parasite |
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Paratenic host |
Same as transport host |
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Reservoir host |
Host in nature that is source of infection for humans and domesticated animals |
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Homoxenous parasite |
Only one type of host |
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Stenoxenous parasite |
Narrow host range |
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Euryxenous parasite |
Wide host range |
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Zoonosis |
Transmits from animal to human |
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Protozoal |
Single celled parasite |
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Nematodes |
Round worms |
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Cestodes |
Tapeworms |
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Classes of Protozoa parasite |
Mastigophora - Flagellates (flagellum) Sarcodina - Amoeba (pseudopodia) Ciliophora - Ciliats (cilia) Apixomplexa - Apixomplexans (internal locomotory organelles) |
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Traphozoite |
Moving, feeding form of Protozoa parasite |
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2 species of Coccidia |
Isospora Eimeria |
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Coccidia infection location |
IN small intestine mucosal cells |
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Coccidia prepatent period |
7-14 days |
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Life stages of Coccidia |
Oocyst Sporulated oocyst (infectious stage) Sporozoites (hatched oocyst) Merozoites (product of mitosis) Gametes (sexual variations of merozoites, male and female) Zygote (product of male and female merging) Oocyst created from zygote |
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Coccidia life cycle type |
Direct |
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Coccidia treatment |
Self limiting infection Or Daily treatment for 2 weeks then recheck fecal in 2-3 weeks |
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Coccidia detection |
Fashion fecal float |
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Ubiquitous parasite |
Parasite that is everywhere |
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Giardia |
Flagellate |
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Giardia living area |
Traphozoite live on small intestine cells Cyst stage |
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Giardia life cycle type |
Direct (reservoir host) |
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Giardia detection |
Smear - trophozoite Fresh fecal float - cyst |
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Beaver fever |
Giardia infection in humans Alaskan term, beaver intermediate host |
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Toxoplasma |
Apicomplexan |
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Giardia host |
Any mammal |
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Coccidoa host |
Euryxenous |
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Toxoplasma host |
Definitive host - felidae Intermediate host - various |
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Toxoplasma living area |
In small intestine mucosal cells |
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Tozoplasma prepatent period |
20-24 days |
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Toxoplasma life cycle type |
Indirect (encysts in intermediate host) Direct (ingestion of oocyst shed from a cat) |
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Ascarid |
'Roundworm' Nematode |
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Ascarid infective stage |
L2 larva |
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Ascarid Prepatant Period |
30 days |
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Ascarid Life Cycle Type |
Direct - ova with L2 ingestion Indirect - encysted L2 |
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Forms of Ascarid migration |
Tracheal migration Mucosal migration Transplacental migration Transmammory migration |
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Time encysted ascarid larval enter blood of pregnant bitch |
Day 42 of pregnancy |
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Time puppies born with Ascarid start shedding ova |
10-14 days |
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Hookworm ova |
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Common Nematodes |
Ascarids (round worm) Hookworm Whipworm Heartworm Lungworm Giant kidney worm |
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Nematode infective stage |
L3 |
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Toxocara canis |
Canine roundworm |
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Toxocara cati |
Feline roundworm |
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Ascarids infective stage |
L2 (Toxocara) |
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Baylisascaris procyonis |
Raccoon roundworm |
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Ancylostoma caninum Ancylostoma tubaeforme A. Braziliense |
Hookworm Dog Cat Dog and cat |
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Uncinaria stenocephala |
Canine hookworm |
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Hookworm infective stage |
L3 |
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Hookworms location |
Attaches to mucosa of small intestine |
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Toxocara/ascarid prepatent period |
30 days |
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Hookworm reproduction |
Male and female attachment to adjacent sides of SI and mate constantly. |
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Hookworm transmission |
Ova ingestion, Percutaneous, prenatal (transplacental), transmammary |
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Hookworm prepatent period |
Varies |
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Trichuris vulpis Trichuris campanula Trichuris serrata |
Whipworm Dog Cat Cat |
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Whipworm transmission |
Ova ingestion |
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Whipworm location |
Attaches to wall of cecum or colon |
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Whipworm infective stage |
L1 (ova cells develop in ova once passed in stool) |
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Dirofilaria immitis Common name, PPP, intermediate host, other key traits |
Heartworm PPP = 6 months Intermediate host = mosquito L3 infective Cats and ferrets parasitized but not contagious (incidental host) |
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Heartworm Transmission |
Mosquito bite |
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Heartworm prepatent period |
6 months |
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Heartworm location |
Right ventricle and pulmonary arteries |
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Parasite very commonly in aberrant sites |
Heartworm Brain, anterior chamber eye, subcutaneous |
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Heartworm definative host |
Dog |
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Prepatent period for Trichuris vulpis |
70-90 days (canine whipworm) |
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Round worm life cycle |
Also, encysts in tissues of adults and triggered by pregnancey (day 42) to infect puppies |
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Hookworm life cycle |
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Whipworm life cycle |
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Direct life cycle |
Travels from definitive host to definitive host |
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Indirect life cycle |
Uses intermediate host to travel from definitive host to definitive host. |
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Nematode morphology |
Unsegmented, round, round at both ends |
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Nematode cuticle |
Covers body Molts to become next larval stage |
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Dioecious |
2 sexes |
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4 types of nematode eggs |
Ascaroid (toxocara) Trichostrongyle (hookworm) Spiruroid Trichinelloid/trichuroid (whipworm) |
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Types of nematode females |
Oviparous - eggs contain single cell or morula Oviviviparous- eggs contain larval Larviparous - eggs incubate in female, live larva birth |
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Nematode General life cycle |
Single-celled egg Develops into morula Stage Then tadpole stage L1 stage develops an egg L1 hatches comma molt to L2 L2 molt to L3 L-3 must enter definitive host L-3 --> L4 -->L5 equals immature or pre adult L5 migrates to predeliction site Matures too sexual adult Male and female breed |
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Morula |
Ball of cells |
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Cestode types |
Eucestoda - true tapeworm Cotyloda - pseudotapeworm |
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Cestode morphology and external anatomy |
Flattened, segmented Scolex Neck (germinal region) Strobila (body) Proglottids (immature, mature, gravid) |
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Cestode head |
Scolex |
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Eucestode attachment organelles |
Acetabula - suckers (4) Rostellum - backwards hooks, anchor organ |
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Armed tapeworm |
Has rostellum |
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Unarmed tapeworm |
Has no rostellum |
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How tapeworms feed |
Absorb nutrients through tegument Eucestoda and Cotyloda |
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Proglottid types |
Immature - pre puberty - closest to scolex Mature -contain active reproductive organs -intermediate distance from scolex Gravid -egg containing -farthest from scolex |
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Eucestoda egg types |
Pyriform apparatus type -3 coverings Psedophyllidian egg type -oval with operculum at one end Diphyllidium egg type -multi-egg packet Taenia egg type - oval -similar to round worm (smallest and hexacanth present) |
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Eucestoda larval stage in egg |
Hexacanth 6 hooks |
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Size difference between cestode and nematode eggs |
Cestode smaller than 60 mcm Nematode larger than 60 mcm |
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Eucestoda prepatent period |
30 days |
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Eucestoda metacestode forms |
Cysticercoid Cysticercus Coenurus Hydatid Cyst Tetrathyridium |
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Bladder worm |
Metacestode stage of some eucestoda Cysticercus Forms fluid filled space in intermediate host |
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Key Eucestoda species |
Diphylidium caninum - flea tapeworm Taenia spp. Echinococcus spp. |
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Eucestoda life cycle |
Gravid proglottid pass to outside environment Rupture to release hexacanth embryos or eggs Embryo / eggs ingested by intermediate host Develops to metacestode (sometimes pathogenic) Intermediate host eaten by definitive host Tapeworm molt to juvenile stage Attaches to small intestine lining Begins producing strobila / proglottids |
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Large animal eucestoda |
Moniezia spp. -ruminant -intermediate host is grain mite |
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Cotyloda attachment organelles |
Bothria - slit like longitudinal grooves |
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Difference between Cotyloda and Eucestoda |
Different attachment organelle Sex organ location Egg appearance Shed eggs vs shed proglottids |
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Cotyloda egg |
Operculated |
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Cotyloda life cycle |
Egg voided from uterine Poore Path singly into environment Once in water hatch Ciliated hexacanth embryo - coracidium Coracidium ingested by aquatic crustacean Develop into Procercoid Intermediate host ingested by fish second intermediate host Develop into plerocercoid Develops into adult and attaches to small intestine lining Begins producing strobila / proglottids |
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Metacestode forms of cotyloda |
Plerocercoid - Has bothria |
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Coracidium |
Hexacanth of Cotyloda Ciliated |
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Key species of cotyloda |
Diphyllobothrium lantum Spirometra mansonoides |
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Dipylidium caninum Common name, PPP, intermediate host, other key traits |
Flea tapeworm/ double pore tapeworm PPP = 14-21days Intermediate host = flea Metacestode = cyticercoid 2 genital pores Zoonotic Most common dog/cat tapeworm |
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Taenia spp PPP, intermediate host, other key traits |
Armed Tapeworm Intermediate host = small mammal (rabbit/rodent) Metacestode = cysticercus Egg = hexacanth, striated shell 1 genital pore |
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Echinococcus spp intermediate host, other key traits |
Intermediate host = ruminants, rodents, HUMANS Short - 3 proglottids Metacestode forms = hydatid cyst = unilocular or multilocular = very pathogenic |
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Unilocular |
Single compartment Pertaining to hydatid cyst |
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Multilocular |
Multiple compartments Pertaining to hydatid cyst |
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Infective stage of whipworm |
L1 |
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Diphyllobothrium lantum Common name, PPP, intermediate host, other key traits |
Broadfish tapeworm (cotyloda) Definitive host= dog/cat /human Intermediate host= aquatic crustacean then fish Absorbs B12 Metacestode stage = plericercoid |
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Spirometra sppCommon name, PPP, other key traits |
Zipper tapeworm (cotyloda) Dog/cat Has suckers and bothria Metacestode stage = sparganum Mature progottids "unzip" |
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Hookworm species |
Ancylostoma spp. Uncinaria stenocephala |
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Hookworm life cycle type |
Indirect |
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Unique features of hookworms |
Can penetrate undamaged skin L3 infective larva retains cuticle shed from L2 = strong survival in environment Continuous mating/egg shedding |
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Trichuris spp.Common name, PPP, intermediate host, other key traits |
Whipworm Live in Cecum and colon (large intestine) PPP = 70-90 days Eggs passed every 3rd day Do not float well - minimum 15 minute float |
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To main classes of clinically significant ectoparasites |
Insecta Acarina |
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Insecta |
Three segmented body -head thorax and abdomen Three pairs of three segmented legs Metamorphosis - Simple metamorphosis --egg nymph adult -Complex metamorphosis --egg larval pupal adult |
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Simple metamorphosis |
Eggs Nymph Adult |
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Complex metamorphosis |
Egg Larval Pupil Adult |
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Parasites in insecta |
Life lice Kissing bugs Flies Mosquitoes |
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Acarina |
Ticks Body components not segments 4 life stages not metamorphosis Egg Larval Nymphal Adult |
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Chewing lice |
Mallophaga |
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Sucking lice |
Anoplura |
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Difference in mallophaga vs anoplura |
Mallophaga - chewing lice -wide heads -biting mouth parts Anoplura - sucking license -narrow heads - Sucking mouth parts |
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Live life cycle |
Eggs (nit) attached to hair/feathers Hatched 5-14 days Nymphal stage - 3 stages, 2-3 weeks Adult - male and female breed |
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2-wing flies |
Diptera |
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2 types of Diptera |
Periodic parasite (adults) Larval development is parasitic |
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Flea |
Siphonaptera |
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Life Cycle of Siphonaptera |
Eggs laid on host or fall into environment (not sticky) Larva (maggot like) eats organic debris Pupal stage in cocoon (sticky) Will not emerge until conditions indicate nearby host (vibrations,temperature,air pressur) Adult only survive 1 week without blood meal |
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Most common dog/cat flea |
Cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) |
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Mites |
Sacoptiform - Sarcoptidae - burrow/tunnel Sarcoptiform - Psoroptidae - on surface Non-Sarcoptiform - all others |
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Ticks |
Argasid - soft body Ixodid - hard body |
