Parasitology

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Symbiosis

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Living together

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mutualism

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both organisms benefit

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commensalism

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one benefits and the other is mutual

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parasitism definition

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one benefits and one is harmed; an organism that lives on, off, or at the expense of another organism

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example of mutualism

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termites eat wood; bacteria in the termites guts break down the wood into cellulose, cellulose turns into sugar for termites

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example of commensalism

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clown fish living in anemone

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example of parasitism

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tape worm, ticks

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Unholy Trinity

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Flatworms, tapeworms, roundworms

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parasitism

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focuses on eukaryotic organisms; most common lifestyle on planet; 70% of life has been parasitic at one point; every organism is infected; strengthen populations and regulate host population size

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Crofton's description of parasites in 4 terms

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1. physiological dependence on host

2. heavily infected host dies or is harmed

3. parasite has higher reproductive rate than host

4. parasite population over-dispersed

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cryptosporidium parvum pathology

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in unfiltered drinking water, causes uncontrollable diarrhea for 48 hours

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random distribution

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variance = mean

parasite recruitment

many hosts have at least one parasite

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uniform distribution

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variance < mean

parasite competition

each host has one parasite

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aggregated distribution

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variance > mean

normal parasite distribution

lots of parasites in a few hosts

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overdispersion

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80% of parasites carried by 20% of hosts

certain people/animals more susceptible due to behavior, genetics, socioeconomic status, etc.

applies only in situation where parasites don't reproduce asexually

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cestodes (tapeworms)

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use organs to reproduce

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acanthocephalans (thorny headed worms)

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hooks on head keep it from being removed

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parasites in digestive system of host have this adaption

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covered in glycocalyx (glycoprotein) to prevent digestion of them; anti-enzyme surface

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Trypanosoma brucei brucei

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vectored by tsetse fly

benign in wild ungulates

causes nagana in domesticated ungulates

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molecular mimicry

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horizontal gene transfer

apicomplexans possess shikamate pathway

parasite coat composed of essential amino acids so body won't fight it because it thinks it needs it

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concomitant immunity

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parasite prevents multiple infections; host will only have that parasite; prevents parasite competition

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Sequestration

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parasites hide from hosts by entering host cells

leishmania - hide in WBC

plasmodium - hide in RBC

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predator

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1. prey

2. constructive submission - eat it all

3. eat everything - meat, fat, muscle, etc.

4. lethal

5. typically larger than prey

6. 1:1 - less predators than prey

7. encounter time - short

8. disease - no

9. reproduction rate is slower than prey; prey reproduces faster

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parasite

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1. host

2. insidious feeding - doesn't eat enough to cause major response

3. eat one tissue

4. sometimes lethal

5. smaller than prey

6. many more parasites than prey

7. encounter time - extended, long time

8. disease - yes

9. reproduction rate is way faster than host

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definitive host

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host in which parasite reaches sexual maturity

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intermediate host

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required stage with morphological change in parasite

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paratenic host

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required stage with no morphological change in parasite; bridges trophic gap

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reservoir host

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infected definitive host serving as a source of infection for other host

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zoonosis

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human disease from reservoir host; animal disease passed to humans

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vector

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any host that actively transports parasites from one host to another

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Ronald Ross

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discovered avian (bird) plasmodium life cycle (malaria)

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Garnham & Shortt

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discovered true plasmodium life cycle in humans

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paroxysm

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chill fever cycle

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quotidian

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24 hours

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tertian

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48 hours

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quartan

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72 hours

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subtertian

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24-36 hours

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cold part of chill fever cycle pathology

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chilly feeling followed by rising body temperatures; headache, nausea, vomiting

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hot part of chill fever cycle pathology

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high temperatures (102-105F); sweating, falling temperatures accompanied by sweating; fatigue and weakness

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transmitting vector of plasmodium (malaria)

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female anopheles spp. mosquito

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4 species of plasmodium that infect humans

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plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae