Parasitology

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3 classes of helminth

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nematode
cestode
trematode

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2 classes of arthropod

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insecta
arachnida

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2 phylums of subkingdom protozoa

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sarcomastigophora
apicomplexa

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may be free living or parasitic

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nematode

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usually unsegmented, elongated and cylindrical in shape

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nematode

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an alimentary canal is present

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nematode

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sexes are usually separate (unisexual)

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nematode

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stages of development include an egg, 4 larval stages and adult stage

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nematode

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Elongate flat body without a body cavity or alimentary canal

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Cestodes

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A scolex (head) with 4 suckers (holdfasts) with or without hooks; rostellum at the apex

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Cestodes

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strobila or body includes the head, neck, proglottids or segments

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Cestodes

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each proglottid is genitally independent; hermaphrodites

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Cestodes

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types of larval stages include cysticercus, strobilocercus, cysticercoid, coenurus and hydatid cyst

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Cestodes

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life cycle is indirect; at least 1 intermediate host is required to complete the life cycle

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Cestode and Trematode

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requires 1 intermediate host, produces oncospheres, organ of attachment associated with scolex and suckers

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Cyclophyllidea

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require 2 intermediate hosts, organ of attachment associated with scolex and bothria, produces oncospheres with cilia for motility

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pseudophyllidea

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Dorso-ventrally flattened, often leaf like

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Trematodes

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Oral and ventral suckers for attachment

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Trematodes

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Usually genitally independent, hemarphroditic

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Trematodes

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Larval stages develop and multiply asexually in molluscan intermediate host

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Trematodes

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hard chitinous exoskeleton

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arthropods

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segmented body

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arthropods

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jointed limbs

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arthropods

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three pairs of legs

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insecta

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body divided into head, thorax and abdomen

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insecta

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single pair of antennae

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insecta

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four pairs of legs in nymphal and adult stages

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arachnid/acari

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body divided into cephalo-thorax and abdoman

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arachnid

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no antennae but palps

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arachnid

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ticks and mites

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arachnid
order acari

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Two familes include Ixodae and Argasidae

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ticks

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Ixodidae

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hard ticks with rigid chitinous scutum covering the entire dorsal surface of the adult male

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Argasidae

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soft ticks, lack scutum and mouthparts cannot be viewed from dorsal surface

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4 methods of locomotion for protozoa

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pseudopodia
flagella
gliding movements
cilia

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grazing ruminant
buccal capsule small
life cycle direct
infected by L3

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trichostronglyloidea

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equine grazing
life cycle direct, infection by L3
buccal capsule well developed, leaf crowns and teeth usually present

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strongyloidea

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life cycle direct
infection by L3
hookworm

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ancylostomatoidea

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lungworm
buccal capsule small
life cycle indirect
infection by L3 in intermediate host

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metastrongyloidea

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threadworm
very small nematodes, buccal capsule small
free-living and parasitic generations
life cycle direct
infection by L3

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rhabditoidea

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ascarid
large white nematode
life cycle direct
infection by L2 in egg

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ascaridoidea

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small ascrids, birds
large white nematodes
life cycle direct
infection by L2 in egg

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heterakoidea

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equine pinworm
female has long, pointed tail
life cycle direct
infection by L3 in egg

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oxyuroidea

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dog esophagus
spiral tail in male
life cycle indirect
infection by L3 from insect

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spiruroidea

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horse stomach
spiral tail in male
life cycle indirect
infection by L3 from insect

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habronematoidea

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ex. heartworm
long thin nematodes
life cycle indirect
infection by L3 from insect

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filarioidea

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cat stomach
large nematodes
life cycle indirect
infection by L3 from insect

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physalopteroidea

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whip-like or hair-like nematodes
life cycle direct or indirect
infection by L1
can be L1 alone or L1 in egg

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trichinelloidea

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very large nematodes
atypical bursa
life cycle indirect
infection by L3 in aquatic annelids

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dioctophymatoidea

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roundworm

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nematodes

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tapeworm

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cestodes

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flukes

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trematodes

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flies, lice, fleas, and other

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insects

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ticks and mites

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class: arachnid
order: acari

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unicellular, eukaryotic

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protozoa

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haemoflagellates; parasites of blood generally transmitted by biting insects

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kinetoplastorida

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flagellates, predominantly of intestine

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diplomonadorida, trichomonadorida

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parasite of epithelial cells
both asexual and sexual reproduction

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eucoccidiorida

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parasites of blood cells
ticks as vectors
sexual reproduction

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piroplasmorida

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parasites of blood cells
biting insects as vectors
sexual reproduction

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haemosporida

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requires 2 intermediate hosts
cestode order

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pseudophyllidea

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infective form found in sporulted oocyte

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sporozoite

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form which feeds and grows

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trophozoites

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form which divides rapidly

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tachyzoites

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form which divides slowly

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bradyzoites

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spirocerca lupi
common name

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esophageal worm

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physaloptera spp.

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final host - dogs and cats
intermediate hosts - beetles
paratenic hosts - snakes and birds
found in stomach

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toxocara canis
common name
life cycles
site of infection

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common roundworm, ascarid
life cycles - per os, transplacental, transmammary, paratenic host
small intestine

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toxocara cati
common name
host
life cycle
site of infection

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roundworm, ascarid
cat
per os, transmammary, paratenic host
small intestine

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toxascaris leonina
common name
host
life cycle
site of infection

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ascarid
dogs and cats
per os and paratenic host
small intestine

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anyclostoma caninum
host
life cycle
site of infection

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dogs and foxes
percutaneous or penetration of oral mucosa, per os, paratenic hosts, transplacental, transmammary
small intestine

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ancylostoma tubaeforme
host
life cycle
site of infection

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host - cat
life cycle - per os, percutaneous, paratenic host
small intestine

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ancylostoma braziliense
host
life cycle
site of infection
zoonosis

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hosts - dogs and cats
life cycle - per os, percutaneous, paratenic host
zoonosis - cutaneous larva migrans
adults in small intestine

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cutaneous larval migrans

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ancylostoma braziliense

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uncinaria stenocephala
host
life cycle
site of infection
common name

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hookworm
dogs, cats, and foxes
percutaneous
per os - usual route
paratenic host
transplacental
transmammary
adults in small intestine
clinical sign - interdigital dermatitis in animals previously infected

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strongyloides stercoralis
common name
host
life cycle
site of infection

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threadworm
dogs and cats
alternate homogonic/parasitic and free-living/hetergonic phases
adults in SI
larvae in skin