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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glycogenolysis |
When alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Prompts liver to break down its stored glycogen, turns into glucose, enters bloodstream and raises blood sugar. |
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Gluconeogenesis |
The process that takes place in the liver that turns amino acids or glycerol into glucose |
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Type 1 diabetes |
Called juvenile diabetes, caused by total absence of insulin and is the more serious from of the disease. |
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Type 2 diabetes |
Called adult onset diabetes, condition when the insulin produced has decreased effectiveness of is not produced in a large enough quantity to fulfill the body's needs. |
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Glycosuria |
Glucose in urine because the glucose is not used by cells and must eventually be excreted. |
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Polyuria |
Frequent urination because glucose in urine attracts water. |
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Polydipsia |
Excessive thirst because polyuria produces dehydration |
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Polyphagia |
Fatigue, hunger, and excessive eating because cells are not getting the energy they need. |
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Ketosis |
Indicates that muscle and fat are used for energy because of unavailability of glucose |
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Ketoacidosis |
Result of ketosis that causes electrolytes loss and central nervous system depression; also called metabolic acidosis. |
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Oral Hyperycemic drugs(Adverse Effects) |
Gastrointestinal (GI) upset: - Nausea and fatigue -Weakness and fatigue -Dizziness |
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Oral Hypoglycemic drugs (Contraindications) |
-Hypersensitivity (Reactions include rash and jaundice) -Type 1 diabetes -Severe liver or kidney disease -Bowel problems -Peptic ulcer |
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Oral Hyperglycemia drugs(Interactions) |
Sulfonylureas and meglirjide drug repaglinide are inhibited by alcohol, anticoagulants, MAO inhibitors and certain drugs used to treat ulcers, high cholesterol, and bacterial or fungal infections. Certain high blood pressure and antigout drugs also inhibit sulfonylureas. |
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Lactic acidosis |
Tare but serious complication that requires immediate hospitalization and is caused by a buildup of lactic acid in the blood, which causes pH and electrolyte imbalances. |
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Thiazolidinedione |
increase use of glucose by improving sensitivity to insulin in muske and adipose tissue. Inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin Sensitizers: Piloglitazone(Actos), Rosiglitazone(Avandia), Troglitazone(Rezulin) |
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Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors |
Lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting the breakdown of simple carbohydrates and refined sugar. Delays absorption of glucose, glucose peak that normally happens after meals doesn't occur |
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Synthetic insulin |
Mimics natural hormone insulin |
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Pramlintide |
Mimics natural hormone amylin |
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Exenatide, sulfonylureas, and meglitinides |
Increase insulin secretion |
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Biguanides |
Decrease glucose production in liver |
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Diabetes mellitus |
A disorder caused by lack of endogenous insulin that results in hyperglycemia |
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Diabetic neuropathy |
Nerve disorders caused by diabetes resulting in numbness, pain, and weakness of hands and feet. |
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Autoantibody |
Antibody produced by the immune system against one's own cells |
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Antibodies |
Normally are produced when a foreign substance such as a pathogen enters the body |
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Amylin |
Peptide of 37 amino acids that is secreted by the pancreas beta cells along with insulin in response to increasing blood glucose levels |
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Exocytosis |
Discharge of substances contained in vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane |
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GLUT |
Glucose transport proteins |
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GLP-1 |
Glucagon-like peptide-1 |
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Gastroparesis |
Condition, also called delayed gastric emptying, in which the stomach muscles do not function properly |
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Adipose tissue |
Fat |
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Glucagon |
Hormone released by the alpha cells of the pancreas to increase plasma glucose concentration |
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Glycogen |
The storage form of glucose in humans and animals |
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Hyperinsulinemia |
High levels of insulin in the blood often associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance |
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Incretins |
Group of gastrointestinal hormones that increase the amount of insulin released |
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Islets |
Group or island of cells |
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Lipodystrophy |
Defective metabolism of fat |
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Postprandial |
After a meal |
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Recombinant |
Genetically engineered DNA |
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Suspension |
Preperation in which undissolved solids are dispersed within a liquid |
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Glycated hemoglobin |
HbA1c, form of hemoglobin that has glucose attached to it. 6 percent of less indicates good diabetic control. Performed every 3-6 months |
