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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Branches of the trigeminal nerve
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V1 opthalmic
V2 maxillary V3 mandibular |
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What foramen does V1 enter?
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supraorbital
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What foramen does V2 enter?
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infraorbital
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What foramen does V3 enter?
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mental
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What nerve pathology is Tic Douloureux associated with?
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trigeminal
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What carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland?
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Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3)
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What muscle closes the eye? mouth?
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orbicularis oculi; orbicularis oris
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How does the facial nerve enter the skull? Exit the skull?
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internal acoustic meatus
stylomastoid foramen |
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What arteries supply the face?
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Ophthalmic artery (internal carotid)
Facial artery (ext carotid) Superficial temporal artery (ext carotid) |
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What veins supply the face?
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Ophthalmic veins, superficial temporal, pterygoid plexus, facial, internal jugular
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What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?
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endosteal (continuous with periosteum)
meningeal (continuous with dura around spinal cord) |
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What happens if you get a tear in the meningeal artery? Cerebral veins? Blood supply to brain?
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epidural hematoma
subdural hematoma subarachnoid hemorrhage (Berry aneurysm) |
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What nerve passes through the cribriform plate?
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CN I
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What does CN I pass through?
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cribriform plate
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What passes through the optic canal?
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CN II and ophthalmic artery
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What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
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III, IV, V-1, VI
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Passes through foramen rotundum
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V2
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Passes through ovale
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V3
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Passes through spinosum
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middle meningeal artery
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What does the middle meningeal artery pass through?
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foramen spinosum
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What passes through foramen lacerum?
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Don't know
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What passes through the IAM?
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VII, VIII
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Passes through jugular foramen
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internal jugular vein
CN IX, X, XI |
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Passes through hypoglossal canal
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XII
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Where are arachnoid granulations found?
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superior sagittal sinus
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7 structures associated with cavernous sinus
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carotid artery, pituitary gland, III, IV, V1, V2, VI
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What sinus do you find the pituitary gland?
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Cavernous sinus
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5 layers of the scalp
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skin, CT, aponeurotica, loose CT (vascular), periosteum
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What veins connect the outer scalp to the superior sagittal sinus?
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emissary veins
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What does the superficial temporal vein do?
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drains scalp to cavernous sinus via emissary veins, superior sagittal, sigmoid
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What arteries make up the Circle of Willis?
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posterior cerebral
posterior communicating anterior cerebral anterior communicating internal carotid |
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Where do you find the choroid plexus?
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in 2 lateral ventricles, 3rd, and 4th
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Rootlets contain what meningeal layers?
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pia mater only
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Roots contain what meningeal layers?
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all 3
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Where is the conus medullaris?
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end of spinal cord (L2)
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What makes up the cauda equina?
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dorsal and ventral rootlets
covered with pia mater only place of spinal tap |
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Internal filum
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only pia mater
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External filum
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all 3 layers
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Fracture to pterion may tear what?
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middle meningeal artery
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Contents of infratemporal fossa
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maxillary artery
mandibular nerve muscles of mastication |
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Branches of the maxillary artery and what do they supply?
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infraorbital artery - upper teeth, maxillary region
sphenopalatine - nasal chamber inferior alveolar artery - lower teeth, mandibular region middle meningeal |
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Branches of mandibular nerve
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deep temporal nerves
auriculotemporal inferior alveolar nerve to mylohyoid lingual buccal |
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Auriculotemporal nerve: branch of what? Function?
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mandibular nerve; sensory to TMJ and face anterior to ear
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Inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of what? Function?
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mandibular nerve
sensory to lower teeth and mandibular region of face |
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Nerve to mylohyoid is a branch off what?
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mandibular nerve
motor to mylohyoid |
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Lingual nerve is a branch off what? Function?
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mandibular
sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue |
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Buccal nerve is a branch off what nerve? Function?
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mandibular
sensory to buccal region inside an outside mouth |
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What ganglion is found in the foramen ovale?
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otic ganglion (V3 nerve)
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What nerves are found superficial to the medial pterygoid muscle?
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lingual and inferior alveolar nerves
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What 2 fibers do the auriculotemporal nerve carry?
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general sensory to area in front of ear and TMJ
postgang parasympa nerves from otic ganglion to parotid |
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COPS
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3977
Ciliary, Otic, Pterygopalatine, Submandibular |
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What is chorda tympani a branch of?
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facial nerve
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What fibers do the chorda tympani carry?
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taste fibers from anterior 2/3 of tongue
postgang parasympathetic fibers to submandibular ganglion |
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What nerve carries postgang parasympa fibers to the submandibular ganglion?
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chorda tympani (VII)
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Action of masseter
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occludes the jaw
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Action of temporalis
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retracts and occludes the jaw
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Action of lateral pterygoid
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opens mouth
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Action of medial pterygoid
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closes mouth
side to side grinding motion |
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Composition of external acoustic meatus
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outer 1/3 cartilage, inner 2/3 bone
separated by tympanic membrane |
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Otitis externus
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swimmer's ear
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Middle ear continuous with what 2 regions
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mastoid air cells
nasopharynx |
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What forms the roof of the middle ear?
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petrous part of temporal bone
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Floor of middle ear
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internal jugular vein
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Tensor tympani muscle innervation
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V3
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Anterior components of middle ear
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tensor tympani muscle
auditory tube internal carotid artery |
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Posterior components of middle ear
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aditus to the mastoid antrum
stapedius muscle facial nerve canal |
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Stapedius muscle innervation
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VII
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Lateral components of the middle ear
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chorda tympani
tympanic membrane malleus |
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Medial components of the middle ear
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stapes
promontory (hollow prominence of cochlea) |
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Tympanic plexus provides sensory to what
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sensory to mucous membranes of the middle ear
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Lesser petrosal nerve has what fibers
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preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion for parotid gland secretions
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What carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion?
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lesser petrosal nerve
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Components of the inner ear?
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semicircular canals
vestibule cochlea |
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Function of semicircular canals?
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balance
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Function of vestibular ganglion?
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sensory neurons involved in balance (VIII)
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Function of spiral ganglion?
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within cochlea
sensory neurons involved in hearing (VIII) |
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Geniculate ganglion
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sensory neurons - taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
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Greater petrosal nerve
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preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion for lacrimation
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Chorda tympani
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taste fibers from anterior 2/3 of tongue and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion
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What runs through the superior orbital fissure?
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III, IV, V1, VI
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What runs through the optic canal?
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optic nerve
ophthalmic artery |
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Veins of the orbit
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superior ophthalmic
inferior ophthalmic facial pterygoid plexus cavernous sinus |
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Sensory nerves in the orbit
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II
Frontal, lacrimal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve |
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Superior oblique
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IV
down and out |
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Levator palpebrae superioris
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III
upper eye lid |
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Superior rectus
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III
up and in |
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Medial rectus
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III
in |
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Inferior rectus
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III
down and in |
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Lateral rectus
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VI
out |
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Inferior oblique
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III
up and out |
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If gaze is down and out, what is the nerve problem?
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Oculomotor
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Cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons from VII to lacrimal gland
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pterygopalatine ganglion
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What nerve supplies sphincter pupili and ciliary muscle?
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III
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Cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic to sphincter pupili and ciliary muscle
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ciliary ganglion
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Muller's Muscle
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smooth muscle supplied by sympathetics
loss of this causes ptosis |
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Cell bodies for postganglionic sympathetic neurons to dilator pupili muscles
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superior cervical ganglion
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Corneal reflex
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sensory - ophthalmic to cornea
motor - facial to orbicularis oris |
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At what vertebrae does the bifurcation of the carotids occur?
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C4
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At what vertebrae does the pharynx change to the esophagus and larynx to trachea?
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C6
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What 4 triangles make up the anterior triangle?
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Carotid
Submental Submandibular Muscular |
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What muscles does the ansa cervicalis innervate?
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Omohyoid
Sternohyoid Sternothyroid |
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What innervates the omohyoid?
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Ansa cervicalis
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What innervates the sternothyroid?
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Ansa cervicalis
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What innervates the thyrohyoid?
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Nerve to thyrohyoid
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What nerve root makes the nerve to thyrohyoid?
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C1
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What triangle do you find the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
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Muscular triangle
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What makes up the submental triangle?
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Anterior digastric
Mylohyoid Mandible Hyoid Submental nodes |
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What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle? Contents?
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Anterior/Posterior digastric
Stylohyoid Parotid and submandibular glands Submandibular lymph nodes |
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What are the 5 muscles that elevate the hyoid?
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Anterior digastric
Posterior digastric Stylohyoid Geniohyoid Mylohyoid |
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What innervates the stylohyoid?
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VII
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What innervates the posterior digastric?
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VII
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What innervates the mylohyoid?
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Nerve to mylohyoid
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What innervates the anterior digastric?
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Nerve to mylohyoid
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What innervates the geniohyoid?
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C1
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What are the contents of the carotid sheath?
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Vagus
Internal carotid Common carotid Ext carotid Internal jugular Deep cervical lymph nodes |
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What are the 8 branches of the external carotid?
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Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Occipital Parietal Maxillary Superficial temporal |
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What's responsible for the sensory portion of the carotid reflex? Motor?
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IX
X |
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What are the branches off the vagus nerve in the carotid triangle? What muscles do they innervate?
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Pharyngeal branch - motor to muscles of pharynx
Recurrent laryngeal - sensory to larynx below vocal fold; motor to intrinsic muscles of larynx External laryngeal - motor to cricothyroid Internal laryngeal - sensory to larynx above vocal fold |
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What muscle and vessels are found at the root of the neck?
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Anterior scalene
Subclavian artery Subclavian vein Brachial plexus roots |
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What are the 5 nodes found in the neck?
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Parotid
Mastoid Buccal Submental (tip of chin, lip, tongue) Submandibular (mandibular region; 2/3 tongue Deep cervical (in carotid sheath; receive drainage from nodes above) All drain to jugular trunk |
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Where do the neck lymph nodes drain to?
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Jugular trunk
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Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the head and neck arise?
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lateral horn of T1-T2
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Where do the head and neck sympathetics synapse?
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inferior, middle, and superior cervical ganglia
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What innervates the platysma?
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cervical branch of facial
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What is investing fascia?
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fascia that surrounds all important structures in the neck
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What surrounds the viscera in the neck?
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pretracheal fascia layer
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What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
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sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
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What innervates the sternocleidomastoid?
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XI
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What nerve provides proprioception for the trapezius and SCM?
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C2
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What is torticollis?
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spasms of SCM
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What makes the roof of the posterior triangle?
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investing layer of deep cervical fascia
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What muscles make up the floor of the posterior triangle? (5 total)
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splenius capitus
levator scapulae anterior scalene middle scalene posterior scalene |
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What nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the posterior triangle?
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lesser occipital
supraclavicular transverse cervical great auricular ventral rami |
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What nerve are found in the floor of the posterior triangle?
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spinal accessory
dorsal scapular long thoracic phrenic roots/trunks of brachial plexus also transverse cervical artery and suprascapular artery |
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What are the branches off the subclavian artery in the post triangle?
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transverse cervical
suprascapular inferior thyroid costocervical trunk thyrocervical trunk vertebral internal thoracic |
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On what arteries do the sympathetic fibers of the head and neck run?
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internal and external carotid arteries
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Where do the parasympathetic fibers for the head and neck originate?
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III, VII, IX, and X
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Where do preganglionic from CN X synapse?
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terminal ganglia in organ walls
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What is the function of the atlas bone?
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flexion (nodding yes)
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What are the structures of the atlas?
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(clockwise)
anterior tubercle transverse process posterior tubercle foramen transversarium |
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What do vertebral arteries pass through in the atlas?
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foramen transversarium
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What are the structures of the axis?
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(clockwise)
dens (odontoid process) foramen transversarium bifid spinous process posterior tubercle of trans process anterior tubercle of trans process |
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Function of axis
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nodding no
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What 2 things are found in the middle meatus?
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ethmoid bulla
hiatus semilunaris |
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What nerve supplies the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses?
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Ophthalmic (V1)
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What nerve supplies the maxillary sinus?
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Maxillary nerve
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What cells do you find in the superior meatus?
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posterior ethmoid air cells
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Where do you find posterior ethmoid air cells?
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superior meatus
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What do you find in the middle meatus?
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frontal sinus (drains here)
anterior ethmoid air cells middle ethmoid air cells maxillary sinus |
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What do you find in the inferior meatus?
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nasolacrimal duct (drains here)
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What do you find in the sphenoethmoidal recess?
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sphenoid sinus (drains here)
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What are the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa?
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maxillary nerve
palatine nerve nasal nerve infraorbital nerve nerve of pterygoid canal pterygopalatine ganglion sphenopalatine artery |
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What provides sensory to the roof of the oral cavity and roof of oropharynx?
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maxillary nerve
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What are the arteries that supply blood to the nose?
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ethmoidal
opthalmic sphenopalatine (anastomoses) descending palatine maxillary internal/external carotid |
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What provides postganglionic sympathetic fibers to pterygopalatine ganglion?
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deep petrosal nerve
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What provides preganglionic parasympathetics to pterygopalatine ganglion?
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greater petrosal nerve (branch of VII)
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What nerve pierces through the thyrohyoid membrane?
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internal laryngeal
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What fibers do the external laryngeal carry? internal?
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motor
sensory |
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What is the space between the epiglottis and cricoid cartilage?
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vestibule
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What is the portion of the larynx above the ventricular (vestibular/false) fold?
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Vestibule
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What is the portion of the larynx below the ventricular (vestibular/false) fold?
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Infraglottic compartment
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What is found between the ventricular and vocal folds?
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Ventricle of larynx
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What nerve supplies the vestibule?
|
internal laryngeal (sensory branch of superior laryngeal of vagus)
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What nerve supplies the infraglottic compartment?
|
inferior laryngeal (sensory)
continuation of the recurrent laryngeal |
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Innervation and action of cricothyroid
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external laryngeal (ONLY ONE INNERVATED BY THIS)
tenses the vocal ligament |
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Innervation and action of posterior cricothyroid
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inferior laryngeal
abducts the vocal ligaments (ONLY ONE THAT DOES THIS) |
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Innervation and action of lateral cricoarytenoid
|
inferior laryngeal
adducts vocal ligaments |
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Innervation and action of thyroarytenoid
|
inferior laryngeal
relaxes vocal ligaments |
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Innervation and action of transverse arytenoid
|
inferior laryngeal
adducts vocal ligaments |
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Innervation and action of oblique arytenoid
|
inferior laryngeal
adducts vocal ligaments |
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Innervation and action of aryepiglottic
|
inferior laryngeal
closes the vestibule |
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Blood supply to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
|
superior laryngeal (off superior thyroid)
inferior laryngeal (off inferior thyroid) |
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What happens when you swallow?
|
vocal and vestibular folds are adducted
vestibule is closed |
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What happens during forced inspiration?
|
vocal folds abducted
vestibule opened |
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What happens during phonation?
|
vocal folds abducted and stridulating as air is forced bt them
vestibule is open |
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What makes the boundaries of the oral cavity?
|
roof - hard palate
floor - mylohyoid posterior - oropharynx anterior - lips lateral - cheeks |
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Innervation and action of sublingual gland
|
VII
empties directly into floor of oral cavity |
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Innervation and action of submandibular gland
|
VII
empties just lateral to frenulum at sublingual caruncle |
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Innervation and action of parotid gland
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IX
empties into vestibule opposite the 2nd upper molar |
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What gland does the IX innervate?
|
parotid
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What gland does the VII innervate?
|
sublingual and submandibular
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Innervation of cheek, lower, and upper lip
|
buccal (off V3)
mental (off V3) infraorbital (off V2) |
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What innervates the vestibule of the oral cavity?
|
buccal nerve (off V3)
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What innervates the floor below the tongue?
|
lingual (off V3)
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What innervates the roof of the oral cavity?
|
greater palatine nerve (off V2)
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What innervates mylohyoid?
|
nerve to mylohyoid (off V3)
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What innervates the geniohyoid?
|
C1
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Action of mylohyoid and geniohyoid
|
elevate the hyoid bone
|
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What is the foramen cecum?
|
pit in the center of sulcus terminalis
opening of the thyroglossal duct |
|
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What are the 4 papillae found on the tongue surface? Innervation?
|
vallate papilla - IX
fungiform papilla - VII foliate papilla - VII filiform papilla - NO taste buds |
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What provides taste sensation to the epiglottis? Somatic sensation?
|
Vagus for both
|
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What provides taste sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue?
|
IX
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What provides somatic sensation to the posterior 1/3 of tongue?
|
IX
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What provides somatic sensation to the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
|
lingual (off V3)
|
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What lymph nodes drain the tongue and oral cavity? What portion of tongue do they drain?
|
Submental - tip
Submandibular - middle 1/3 Deep cervical - posterior 1/3 |
|
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Innervation and action of stylogossus
|
XII
retracts tongue |
|
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Innervation and action of genioglossus
|
XII
protracts tongue |
|
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Innervation and action of hyoglossus
|
XII
depresses tongue |
|
|
What are the 3 extrinsic tongue muscles? Innervation?
|
Styloglossus
Genioglossus Hyoglossus all by XII |
|
|
Function of intrinsic muscles of tongue
|
change the shape of the tongue (flatten, curl, point)
|
|
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With a XII lesion, which direction will the apex of the tongue point?
|
to the affected side
|
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What artery runs medial to the hyoglossus muscle?
|
Lingual
|
|
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What duct is found lateral to the hyoglossus?
|
Submandibular duct
|
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What ganglion is found in the oral cavity, lateral to the hyoglossus muscle?
|
Submandibular ganglion
|
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What are the layers of the pharyngeal wall from inside to out?
|
mucous membrane
submucosa pharyngobasilar fascia muscular layer buccopharyngeal fascia (pretracheal fascia) |
|
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What provides sensory innervation to the nasopharynx? Oropharynx? Laryngopharynx?
|
V2
IX X |
|
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What are the pharyngeal constrictors?
|
Superior
Middle Inferior - includes thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus |
|
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What innervates the superior, middle, and inferior constrictors?
|
X
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Innervation and action of stylopharyngeus
|
IX
elevates hyoid |
|
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Innervation and action of salpingopharyngeus
|
X
elevates hyoid |
|
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Innervation and action of palatopharyngeus
|
X
elevates hyoid |
|
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What are the muscles of the soft palate?
|
Levator veli palatini (X)
Muscularis uvulae (X) Tensor veli palatini (V1) |
|
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What are the muscles of the nasopharynx?
|
Salpingopharyngeus (X)
Palatopharyngeus (X) |
|
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What is the vallecula?
|
depression on the anterior portion of epiglottis
|
|
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What all is found in the oropharynx?
|
vallecula
palatine tonsils palatopharyngeus palatoglossus |
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What is found in the Waldyer's ring?
|
Lingual tonsils
Palatine tonsils Pharyngeal tonsils |
|
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Where do the Waldyer's Ring tonsils drain?
|
superior group of deep cervical nodes
|
|
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What prevents food from entering the nasopharynx?
|
elevation of the soft palate
|
|
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What moves food through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
|
contraction of the three constrictors
|
|
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What prevents food from entering the larynx?
|
Elevation by the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles and elevators
|
|
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Relaxation of what muscle allows the bolus to be squeezed into the esophagus?
|
Cricopharyngeus
|
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What muscles flex the vertebral column?
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Longus capitus, longus colli, middle, anterior, and posterior scalenes
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