Overview Of The Lower Limb

Front 1

compartment syndrome is? because?

Back 1

-decreased tissue perfusion

-because of limited space within compartments of the leg, trauma that causes bleeding within a leg compartment may cause pressure to build to levels sufficient to halt blood flow (arterial and venous)

Front 2

why is compartment syndrome a surgical emergency?

Back 2

tissues (muscles and nerve) will become ischemic and die within hours, resulting in permanent disability if fasciotomy is not performed

Front 3

what is fasciotomy? and what condition is it typically used in?

Back 3

-it is surgically opening the fascial compartment; which decompresses the injury site, and reestablishes tissue perfusion

-used in compartment syndrome

Front 4

what are the compartments of the lower limb, for the thigh and leg?

Back 4

thigh= anterior, posterior, medial

leg=anterior, posterior, lateral

Front 5

what are the transition areas of the lower limb?

Back 5

1. femoral triangle

2. popliteal fossa

3. tarsal tunnel

Front 6

what is a transition area?

Back 6

area where major vessels and nerve traverse regions

Front 7

the lower limb bud appears during the 5th/6th week of development, growing laterally from the ___segements?

Back 7

from the L2-S2 segments (metameres)

Front 8

during limb development, rotation of the lower limb takes the limb from a position where ___to a position where ____? the surface of the foot that was once facing ___is now facing ___?

Back 8

position where the 1st toe is cranial relative to the 5th toe, to a position where the 1st toe is medial to the 5th toe

-the surface of foot that was once facing dorsally is now facing superiorly

Front 9

limb development begins with the activation of ____in the __?

Back 9

activation of a group of mesenchymal cells in the lateral mesoderm

Front 10

___genes regulate patterning in vertebrate limb development?

Back 10

Homeobox-containing (Hox) genes

Front 11

in contrast to the upper limb, the lower limb bears the entire body weight and serves the purpose of?

Back 11

of locomotion

Front 12

body weight is transferred from the vertebral column through the ___to the ____ and from that through the ___to the ___?

Back 12

through the sacroiliac joints to the pelvic girdle, and from the pelvic girdle through the hip joints to the femora

Front 13

what is the normal femoral angle?

Back 13

125 degrees

Front 14

a femoral angle less than 120 degrees is called?

a femoral angle greater than 135 degrees is called?

Back 14

less than 120- coxa vera

greater than 135- coxa valga

Front 15

body weight is transferred through the femurs to the ___at the ___which then transfers the weight across the ___to the ___?

Back 15

to the tibia at the knee joint, which then transfers the weight across the ankle joint to the foot

Front 16

the center of gravity in the anatomical position is located anterior to the ____?

Back 16

to the S2 vertebra

Front 17

muscle groups surrounding the hip function not only to ___but to ___?

Back 17

not only to move the femur, but to stabilize the pelvis and trunk

Front 18

what are the different openings that structures within the pelvis communicate with the lower limb through?

Back 18

1. greater sciatic foramen

2. lesser sciatic foramen

3. obturator foramen

4.space beneath inguinal ligament

Front 19

what are the three major nerves that exit the pelvis and enter the lower limb?

Back 19

1. femoral n.

2. obturator n.

3. sciatic n.

Front 20

___is the deep fascia of the thigh and is continuous with what two things?

Back 20

Fascia lata, and is continues with the deep fascia of the leg (cruel fascia), and with the inguinal ligament

Front 21

___is the deep fascia of the leg?

Back 21

crural fascia

Front 22

what is the inguinal ligament? and where does it attach?

Back 22

it is the aponeurosis at the inferior end of the external abdominal oblique muscle

-it attaches to the ASIS and the pubic tubercle

Front 23

the fascia lata surrounds the entire thigh and has a lateral thickening of the fascia named the?

Back 23

the iliotibial tract (band)

Front 24

the iliotibial tract provides attachment sites for what muscles? it functions as a?

Back 24

attachment site for the gluteus maximus and the tensor fascia lata muscles

-it functions as a tendon

Front 25

the lower limb has ___and ___veins?

Back 25

superficial and deep veins

Front 26

the superficial fascia can ____, and the deep fascia does what?

Back 26

superficial can carry nerves and veins, the deep compartmentalizes muscles and neuromuscular structures

Front 27

the ___vein in the lower limb is formed by the union of the ___and ___of the foot?

Back 27

the great saphenous vein is formed by the union of the veins from the great toe and dorsal venous arch of the foot

Front 28

the great saphenous vein ascends ___, traverses the ____, and empties into the___?

Back 28

ascends anterior to the medial malleolus

traverses the saphenous opening in the fascia lata

empties into the femoral vein

Front 29

the femoral sheath has the ___that contains ___ and ___, but the ___ is outside of the femoral sheath?

Back 29

has the femoral canal that contains the lymph nodes, and the femoral artery; the femoral nerve is outside of the sheath

Front 30

both the saphenous and the femoral veins have ___?

Back 30

have valves

Front 31

the ____connect the saphenous vein and the deep veins of the leg, the fibular and posterior tibial?

Back 31

the perforating veins

Front 32

the valves in the saphenous vein are situated to ?

Back 32

to shunt blood from superficial to deep

Front 33

which vein is often taken for a graph for the heart?

Back 33

the great saphenous vein

Front 34

the pulse of the artery with the accompanying veins, compresses the veins and aids in?

Back 34

aids in the return of venous blood to the heart

Front 35

the lower limb as ___and ___ lymphatic vessels?

Back 35

superficial and deep

Front 36

the superficial lymphatic vessels accompany the ____in the ___and end in the ____, which then drain into the?

Back 36

accompany the saphenous veins in the superficial fascia and end in the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, which then drain to the external iliac lymph nodes

Front 37

the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain into the?

Back 37

into the external iliac lymph nodes

Front 38

lymph vessel traveling with the lesser saphenous vein drain into the ____in the ___which also collects lymph from the ___of the leg?

Back 38

drain into the popliteal lymph nodes in the popliteal fossa which also collects lymph from the deep lymphatic vessels of the leg

Front 39

the deep lymphatic vessels of the leg all drain into the?

Back 39

into the deep inguinal lymph nodes

Front 40

the lesser saphenous vein is on the ___side of the body? and the greater saphenous vein is on the __side?

Back 40

lesser- on the later side

greater- on the medial side

Front 41

what is lymphadenopathy?

Back 41

enlarged lymph nodes

Front 42

what is a possible cause of enlarged inguinal lymph nodes? and when they are enlarged ___must be examined?

Back 42

-pathogenic microorganisms may produce enlargement of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

-their entire field of drainage must be examined, this includes the lower limb

Front 43

the external iliac artery changes its name to ___after descending into the thigh deep to the ___?

Back 43

changes its name to the femoral artery, after descending into the thigh deep to the inguinal ligament

Front 44

what are the branches that the femoral artery gives off?

Back 44

- superficial circumflex iliac and external pudendal arteries

-superficial epigastric artery

-deep femoral artery (profunda femoris)

Front 45

which femoral artery branch is involved in surgical skin flaps for plastic surgery?

Back 45

the superficial epigastric artery

Front 46

the deep femoral artery (profunda femoris) gives off what branches?

Back 46

-lateral and medial circumflex arteries to the thigh, head and neck of femur

-4 perforating arteries supply the medial thigh and pass through the the posterior thigh

Front 47

the femoral artery enters the ___, passes through the___, and becomes the ____after emerging in the ___posteriorly?

Back 47

enters the adductor canal

passes through the adductor hiatus

becomes the popliteal artery

after emerging in the popliteal fossa posteriorly

Front 48

branches from the internal iliac artery supply the ___regions?

Back 48

the gluteal and medial thigh regions

Front 49

what are the branches from the internal iliac artery?

Back 49

-superior gluteal artery

-inferior gluteal artery

-obturator artery

-internal pudendal artery

Front 50

___branch from the femoral and the popliteal arteries to supply the knee?

Back 50

genicular arteries

Front 51

the posterior tibial artery continues into the?

Back 51

continues into the leg

Front 52

the popliteal artery ends at the inferior border of the ___and divides into the?

Back 52

inferior border of the popliteus m. and divides into the anterior tibial artery, and the posterior tibial artery

Front 53

the anterior tibial artery enters the anterior compartment of the leg through the?

Back 53

through the interossous membrane

Front 54

the posterior tibial artery supplies the __and gives off the ___artery?

Back 54

supplies the posterior compartment of the leg and gives off the fibular artery

Front 55

the anterior tibial artery continues as the ___artery of the foot, which gives rise to the?

Back 55

as the dorsalis pedis artery of the foot, which gives rise to the arcuate artery

Front 56

the metatarsal arteries divide into ___that supply the?

Back 56

divide into 2 dorsal digital branches that supply the phalanges

Front 57

what artery is the most distal artery where you can check a peripheral pulse?

Back 57

the dorsalis pedis artery of the foot

Front 58

the pulse of both the ___and the ___can be palpated to assess the vascular integrity of the distal lower limb? if the pulse can't be detected it may be a sign of?

Back 58

the dorsalis pedis and the posterior tibial arteyr

-may be a sign of peripheral vascular disease or vascular injury from trauma

Front 59

the posterior tibial artery enters the plantar surface of the foot and divides into a?

Back 59

into a medial and lateral plantar artery

Front 60

the lateral plantar artery becomes the ___which communicates with the dorsal arteries via perforating branches, and gives off the ___, which give rise to ___?

Back 60

becomes the plantar arch which communicates with the dorsal arteries via perforating branches, and gives off the plantar metatarsal arteries, which gives rise to plantar digital arteries

Front 61

the anterior and medial thigh receives innervation from nerves originating from the ___roots of the lumbar plexus?

Back 61

L2, L3, and L4 roots

Front 62

the femoral nerve is formed by the ___anterior rami and descends lateral to the ___muscle?

Back 62

by the posterior divisions of L2, L3, and L4

-lateral to the psoas major muscle

Front 63

the ___nerve goes with post-axial muscle of the lower limb?

Back 63

the femoral nerve

Front 64

the ___nerve goes with pre-axial muscle of the lower limb?

Back 64

the obturator nerve

Front 65

the ___nerve is formed by the anterior divisions of the L2, L3, and L4 anterior rami and leaves the psoas major muscle medially?

Back 65

the obturator nerve

Front 66

what are the three branches of the lumbosacral plexus?

Back 66

1. femoral n.

2. obturator n.

3. sciatic n.

Front 67

the sacral plexus contains roots of ___which contribute to the ____nerve?

Back 67

roots of L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

contribute to the sciatic nerve

Front 68

the sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis through the___and enters the ___region?

Back 68

leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and enters the gluteal region

Front 69

the sciatic nerve is a composite nerve made up of ___from the posterior divisions (L4-S2) and the ___from the anterior divisions (L4-S3)?

Back 69

of the common fibular (peroneal) from the posterior, and the tibial nerve from the anterior

Front 70

the common fibular nerve divides into?

Back 70

the deep fibular nerve to the anterior compartment and the superficial fibular nerve to the lateral compartment

Front 71

the tibial nerve to the posterior compartment of the leg branches into the___in the foot?

Back 71

into the medial and lateral plantar nerves in the foot

Front 72

the___nerve runs medially (branching from the ___in the thigh) to innervate the medial aspect of the leg?

Back 72

the saphenous nerve, branching from the femoral nerve