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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are immune cells produced?
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Bone marrow
Thymus |
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Peripheral immune sx's
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Spleen
Lymph nodes |
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
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Recognize self as foreign and triggers autoimmune response
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Location of spleen and function
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LUQ
Filters antigens Produces WBC |
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Examples of immunodeficient dx's
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Leukemia, bone marrow tumor, chronic DM, renal failure, cirrhosis, cancer rx
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Examples of autoimmune diseases
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Hashimotos Thyroditiis (organ-specific)
SLE, fibromyalgia (non-organ specific) |
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Most common malignancies associated with AIDs
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Kaposi's sarcoma (ca of CT)
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma (ca. of lymphoid tissue) Primary brain lymphoma |
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what cells are reduced with AIDs
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Retrovirus
Reduces C4+ cells Observe standard preautions |
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Standard precuations:
what fluids are considered diseased and should be avoided? |
Blood, body fluids, secretions, exretions (Except sweat), nonintact skin, mucous membranes
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Describe chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
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Etiology unknown (maybe viral)
Relapsing fatigue for 6 months that does not resolve with bed rest, and decreases daily activities by 50% Also with sore throat, low grade fever, malgias and arthalgias |
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Describe fibromyalgia
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Chronic pain affecting muscles and soft tissues
Etiology unknown (maybe viral) Immunological and neurohormonal abnormalities are present with genetic factors Can be triggered by emotional stress/anxiety 11 or 18 trigger points to dx Laundry list of additional s/s associated with this |
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3 types of hepatitis and 3 phases
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A (fecal-oral route)
B and C (body fluids) Phase 1 (pre-icteric) = low-grade fever Phase 2 (icteric) = juandice and enlarged liver Phase 3 (recovery) |
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TB
What does it affect? S/s Meds? Precautions? |
Respiratory system
Cough,r ales, dyspnea, fatigue, low grade fever Chemo, bed rest, and isolation Droplet precautions |
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Composition of blood by cell type
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Plasma: 55%
RBC: 45% WBC: 1% |
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Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Abnormal values indicate what?
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15-20 mm/hr
Inc = active inflammation |
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Types of hypercoaguability disorders
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Increased platelet funciton as seen in atherosclerosis, DM, elevated blood lipids
Accelerated activity of clotting system as seen in CHF, malignant dx, prego |
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Examples of hypocoaguability diseases
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Platelet defects as seen in bone marrow dysfunction, thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia Vascular disorders (Cushing's) |
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Red flags for blood disorders with physical therapy
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Manual therapy
Some modals (compression therapy) Strenuous exercise |
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3 causes of anemia
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1. Decrese in RBC production (bone marrow defect)
2. Destruction of RBCs (autoimmune or ca.) 3. Hemorrhage |
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Clinical symptoms of anemia
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Fatigue and weakness with minimal exertion
DOE Pallor or yellow skin Tachycardia Bleeding of gums, skin |
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Symptoms of sickle cell crisis
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Pain (abdomen, joints, back)
Neuro (dizzy, n/t, palsies) Coughing, dyspnea Vascular complications (stroke) Renal complications Splenic sequestration (liver and spleen enlarged) |
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contraindication for sickle cell anemia
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cold - increases vasoconstriction and sickling
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Common complaints and complications of patients with hemophilia
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Hemarthrosis = stiffness
Bleeding into mm comparemtns = weakness Gait deviations Pain |
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PT interventions for hemophiliac
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RICE
positions of comfort (open pack) Isometric ex Aquatic therapy Active assisted ex Open chain resistance ex Contracture management |
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Contraindications for hemophilia
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Aspirin
Closed chain ex (too much compression on joints) Passive stretching (myositis ossifcans) |
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Early warning signs of cancer
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Unusual bleeding or d/c
Lump, sore, cough change in b/b cough |
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General staging of cancer
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Primary tumor (T)
Regional lymph node involvement (N) Metastasis (M) 1-4 for little to alot involvement |
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side effects to Ca. treatments
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Inc HR/BP, dyspnea, pallor, sweating
MM atrophy and weakness ROM deficits with radiation around joints Dec WBC, RBC, platelets |
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What refers pain to the mid back?
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Esophagus, can be nerve root pain
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What refers pain to midback and scauplar region?
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Gallbaldder
stomach pancreas SI |
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What refers pain to the shoulder?
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liver
diaphragm pericardium |
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What refers pain to the pelvis, low back and sacrum
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Colon
appendix pelvic viscera |
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Good position for GERD
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More upright
sleep with HOB elevated L sidelying to prevent regurgitation and aspiration |
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Red flags for malabsorptive syndrome (SI)
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Bruising/bleeding
mm weakness and fatigue neuropathy mm spasms peripheral edema |
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Inflammatory bowel disease if IBS
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IBD is chron's or UC where something is actually wrong
IBS is increased motility and nothing is actually wrong (anxiety,depression) |
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Appendicitis:
s/s location red flag |
abrupt pai. rebound tenderness blumberg's sign)
RLQ (McBurney's point) WBC>20,000 indicative of perforatio |
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PREGO:
typical weight gain typical posture Positions ot avoid? |
20-30#
Accentuation of all normal curves Forward head and scapular protraction Avoid supine in 3rd trimester to avoid INF vena cava compression |
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Changes with prego:
balance, ligaments, mm, urinary, respiratory, CV |
Balance: COG shifts forward and upward
Ligs: lax (SIJ) Muscle: weak abs and pelvic floor as they become stretches out Urinary: pressure on bladder causes frequent urination and UTIs Resp: hyperventilation and dyspnea CV: inc BV, inc venous pressure in LEs, inc HR and CO, dec BP |
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Interventions for prego lady
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Core strenghtening (stress incontinence and back pain)
bladder retraining program (kegel's) Ankle pumps (LE edema) General exercise |
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Pregnancy related pathologies
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Diastasis recti avdominis
Pelvic floor disorders (hernations) Low back pain SI dysfunction Varicose veins of LE Preeclampsia (HTN) |
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Functions of kidney
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1. REgulation of pH and body fluids
2.Eliminate metabolic wastes 3. RAAS = blood pressure 4. Bone metabolic function by activating Vit D and regulating calcium and phosphate 5. Erythropoetin production |
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Hypokalemia s/s
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3.5-5.5 mEq/L
mm weakness aches and fatigue cardiac arrhythmias n/v and abdominal distention |
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hyperkalemia s/s
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Often symptomless until very high levels
mm weakness arrhythmias ECG changs (tall T wave, proglonged PR intervals and QRS duration) |
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red flags of renal failure
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dizziness, HAs
HTN, DOE Chronic pain in legs Edema Mm weakness osteomalacia Anemia |
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4 types of incontinence
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1. Stress (sudden release, laughing, ex, straining due to weakness)
2. Urge (bladder begins contracting after sensation of bladder fullness. Unable to reach toilet in time) 3. Overflow (overdistended bladder due to anatomical obstruction, SCI or neuroenic bladder) 4. Functional (inability or unwillingness to toildet due to impaired cognition or env barriers) |
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Type 1 and 2 kegel exercises
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Type 1: 10 second isometrics
Type 2: quick contractions to shut off flow of urine |
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Interventions for incontinence
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Kegel's
FES Biofeedback with pressure recording Active strenghening |
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Precautions for PT with pt undergoing chemotherapy
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Immunosuppression
Thrombocytopenia (watch RT) Anemia (reduced aerobic capacity) Nueropathies |
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Symptoms of liver disease
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Ascites/weight gain
Jaundice Dark urine Ligh colored or clay colored eces Anorexia RUQ pain |
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Referred pain of liver
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Thoracic pain between scapulae
R shoulder R Upper trap R interscapula and subscapular Bilateral CTS N/T (ammonia) |
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What refers pain to LLQ?
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Diverticular disease
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Referral pattern for appendicitis?
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Periumbilical or epigastric
RLQ Right flank R testes Positive cBurney's point |
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Pain patter for kidney/reter?
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T10 thru L1 dermatomes
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