Other Important Microbial Roles

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a process of microbial action on food that is beneficial

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fermentation

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a process of microbial action on food which changes food into a useless nutritional source

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spoilage

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a gram (+) coccus which naturally grows on cabbage and breaks down carbs into acetic and lactic acid

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Leuconostoc

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What is the end result of Leuconostoc action on cabbage?

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pH is reduced to below 4 and aromas and diacetyl are produced.

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gram (+) rods that grow on cabbage after Leuconstoc; produces more lactic acid and reduces the pH to 2

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lactobacillus

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How do Leuconostoc and lactobacillus work with salt to preserve cabbage?

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The salt and low pH serve to prevent the growth of other bacteria and molds while preserving the vit C in the cabbage

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Results from yeast fermentation of fruit juices to ETOH followed by the action of acetobacter aceti to convert the ECTOH into acetic acid

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Vinegar

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Vinegar's principle acid

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acetic acid

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Name the three bacteria vital in pickling cucumbers

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1. Enterobacter aerogens
2. leuconostoc
3. lactobacillus

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Bacterium that produces carbon dioxide producing an anaerobic environment int the pickling process

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Enterobacter aerogens

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Role of leuconostoc and lactobacillus in pickling process

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making acid that softens the cucumbers and produces the sour flavor

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Bacteria used to make sour cream from cream

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Streptococcus cremoris

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Bacteria used to make buttermilk from skim milk

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Leuconostoc

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Two bacteria that thicken, flavor, and make yogurt tart

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Lactobacillus
Streptococcus thermophilus

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Bacteria found in yogurt that lowers vaginal pH and produces hydrogen peroxide, resulting in inhibition of many pathogens

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Lactobacillus

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bacteria that causes mild to sour and curdle during the production of cheese

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some streptococci

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Bacteria that produces lactic acid during Swiss cheese fermentation

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Lactobacillus

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Bacteria that produces carbon dioxide, which makes bubbles that cause the holes in Swiss cheese

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Propionibacterium

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Two molds used to make Roquefort and Camembert cheese

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Penicillium roqueforti
Penicillium camemberti

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The use of microbial metabolism to produce useful, organic chemicals from relatively inexpensive, readily available starting material

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Industrial microbiology

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Four properties of microbes that make them ideally suited for industrial processes

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1. highly diverse metabolism
2. rapid growth
3. grow in simple, inexpensive media
4. can be genetically manipulated

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One of the most notable commercially used enzymes

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protease

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List some commercial uses of protease

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1. laundry detergent (remove stains)
2. meat tenderizers
3. tanners (remove unwanted tissue)

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Bacterial enzyme that can be injected into heart attack pt to break down blood clots to prevent further heart damage

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streptokinase

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enzyme used in the production of linen to release fibers in flax for spinning

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pectinase

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Mold that produces citric acid

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Aspergillus niger

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yeast that ferments fruit juice in wine making; produces carbon dioxide from fruit sugar

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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yeast that ferments ale (dark beer)

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S. cerevisiae

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yeast that ferments lager (light beer)

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S. carlsbergensis

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What is done to the microbes that produce alcoholic drinks in the last phase of production?

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They are killed by pasteurization or removed by filtration

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Bacterium that produces a protein which is toxic to caterpillars when they ingest it; cloned into plants as natural pesticide

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Bacillus thuringiensis

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Bacteria species that causes freezing in citrus fruit; has been modified to make snow at ski resorts, delete the ice-forming gene, and make citrus fruit better tolerate cold

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Bacillus

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The process of cloning or deleting toxin genes from living things

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genetic engineering

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the linking together of various genes or gene fragments into a single DNA molecule

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recombinant DNA

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4 Characteristics of viruses that make them good candidates for genetic enginering

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1. cause disease in pests
2. carry their genes into the pest
3. very specific to organisms infected
4. can be modified to be superkillers of pests

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Bacterium most used in mass production of recombinant proteins

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E. coli

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Term for water fit to drink

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potable

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Water that contains infections microbes or toxic substances

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contaminated

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Water that contains obvious contaminates indicated bay appearance, smell, etc

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polluted

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Having waters rich in mineral and organic nutrients that promote a proliferation of plant life, especially algae, which reduces the dissolved oxygen content and often causes the extinction of other organisms.

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eutrophy

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the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.

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biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

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Name the three zones of ocean habitats

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1. littoral zone
2. benthic zone
3. abyssal zone

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The part of the ocean near the shoreline; contains most of the nutrients and microorganisms.

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littoral zone

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general ocean floor

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benthic zone

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deep trenches

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abyssal zone

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Infectious agents transmitted in fresh water

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V. cholera, Leggionella, E. coli, Shigella, G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium, E. histolytical, adenoivirus, rotavirus, and poliovirus

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Infectious agents of marine water

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Pfiesteria piscicida and hep A

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Name four steps of water purification

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1. SEDIMENTATION is used to remove granular materials such as gravel and chemical aggregates.

2. ALUM is added to form a gel like mass that collects many microbes as it settles to the bottom

3. The aqueous layer is filtered through SAND

4.The water is CHLORINATED sufficiently to kill microbes with some residual killing power for orgs that enter the H2o later

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degrades and removes particulate mattter and kills harmful microorganisms from waste water and household sewage

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Sewage tx

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Term for solid material in sewage tx

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sludge

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What is the use of air in sewage tx

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It is blown through liquid phase to assist growth of aerobic bacteria that rapidly break down residual organics

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the use of living organisms as a remedy

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bioremediation

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Fungi that help plants obtain minerals, while plants provide growing niche for the fungi in their roots

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mycorrhizae

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mutualistic groups of algae and fungi; fungi protects algae make nitrogen usable to fungi

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lichens

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Group of bacteria needed for cellulose to degrade

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Cytophaga

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a group of strictly anaerobic Archaea that grow in swamps and manure

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methanogens

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Second most abundant element in the biomass

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Nitrogen

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A process in the nitrogen cycle in which proteins are degraded to amino acids and nucleic acids to nuceotides both are eventually degraded to ammonia

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ammonification

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Bacteria that oxidizes the ammonia, turning it into nitrate

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Nitrosomonas

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Bacteria that oxidized nitrate into nitrate

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Nitrobacter

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The term for the synthesis of nitrate preformed by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter

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nitrification

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The process by which some anaerobic bacteria such as Pseudomonas utilizes nitrate for respiration, turning it back into nitrogen

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denitrification

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a free living bacteria that fixes nitrogen in areas such a grasslands; grow in root nodules of leguminous plants

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Azoobacter

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bacteria that converts nitrogen gas into ammonia then amino acids and nucleotides, resulting in nitrogen fixation; produces 10x amt of nitrogen produced by Azobacter

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Rhizobium

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An essential element in the animo acids methionine and cysteine

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Sulfer

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Bacteria that oxidizes hydrogen sulfide into sulfate in the Sulfer cycle

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Thiobacillus