Microbial Growth

Front 1

Bacteria mutated where it can no longer make a specific vitamin

Back 1

auxotroph (Ch. 12)

Front 2

photosynthetic bacteria

Back 2

photoautotroph

Front 3

bacteria that derive energy from CO2 and hydrogen to produce methane gas

Back 3

methanogen

Front 4

liquid media

Back 4

broths

Front 5

broth solidified by condition of agar

Back 5

solid media

Front 6

media consisting of completely known chemicals

Back 6

synthetic aka defined media

Front 7

brain-heart infusion broths in which exact chemical composition is unknown

Back 7

nonsynthetic aka complex media

Front 8

addition of nutrients to brain-heart infusion

Back 8

enriched medium

Front 9

Agar used for the isolation of human pathogens from body sites

Back 9

blood agar

Front 10

media that allows for growth of specific bacteria only

Back 10

selective media

Front 11

media that allows several bacteria to grow, but causes them to appear differently

Back 11

differential media

Front 12

process of spreading out, driven by Brownian motion

Back 12

difussion

Front 13

pressure resulting from water trying to reduce the chemical gradient

Back 13

hydrostatic aka osmotic pressure

Front 14

bacteria that grows in presence of air

Back 14

aerobes

Front 15

bacteria that require O2 to grow

Back 15

obligate aerobes

Front 16

bacteria that grows in the absence of O2

Back 16

anaerobes

Front 17

bacteria that grow with or without O2

Back 17

facultative anaerobes

Front 18

bacteria that grow in acidic conditions

Back 18

acidophiles

Front 19

bacteria that grow in high pH (alkaline) environments

Back 19

alkalophile

Front 20

bacteria that can't grow without high concentrations of salt

Back 20

obligate halophiles

Front 21

bacteria that grow at boiling temps and above

Back 21

extreme thermophiles

Front 22

bacteria that can't grow in high temps but can't be killed by high temps

Back 22

thermoduric

Front 23

Symbiotic relationship where total growth success of both organisms is greater that if organisms had grown independently

Back 23

synergism

Front 24

Symbiotic relationship when both populations need each other for quality of living

Back 24

mutualistic

Front 25

bacteria that require reduced levels of O2

Back 25

microaerophiles

Front 26

Mutually harmful symbiotic relationship

Back 26

antagonism

Front 27

Each division or doubling of a cell

Back 27

generation (ch. 13)

Front 28

When bacteria double every consistent period of time

Back 28

exponential growth

Front 29

phase where cells are adapting to rich supply of nutrients in prep for growth

Back 29

lag phase

Front 30

How long is the lag phase?

Back 30

30-60 mins

Front 31

Phase in which cells start to multiply by doubling until a nutrient becomes limited; second phase

Back 31

log phase

Front 32

How long is the log phase?

Back 32

a few hrs

Front 33

phase where cells are unable to produce new cells or reproduce as the same rate as cells are dying

Back 33

stationary aka decline aka death phase

Front 34

cells that produce enzymes that cause self lysis resulting in spreading and growth

Back 34

autolytic

Front 35

resulting colony count x dilution factor = # of bacteria in original sample

Back 35

total cell count

Front 36

several piles of cells that arise from a single diluted cell called a colony forming unit (CFU0

Back 36

colonies

Front 37

All chemical processes that occur in a cell

Back 37

metabolism

Front 38

the breakdown of complex materials into building blocks or energy used for synthesis

Back 38

catabolism

Front 39

the use of energy to produce more cellular material

Back 39

anabolism

Front 40

presence of nutrients signals cells not to produce more

Back 40

feedback inhibition

Front 41

The process by which enzymes uses glucose + fructose and combines them to form sucrose

Back 41

reaction

Front 42

suffix used on proteins to indicate enzymic activity

Back 42

-ase

Front 43

process by which glucose is transported inside of cell and oxidized

Back 43

glycolysis

Front 44

During glycolysis, the 6 carbon sugar is converted into two 3 cabron acid called

Back 44

puruvic acid

Front 45

Consists of a series of carriers in a membrane; electron derived energy is used to pump protons out of cell; leads to ATP synthesis

Back 45

electron transport chain

Front 46

The transfer of electrons to O2 coupled with the synthesis of ATP; O2 is required.

Back 46

oxidativive phosphorylation

Front 47

the passage of electrons to 02 to create H2o

Back 47

respiration

Front 48

the use of nitrate or sulfate instead of )2 as final electron receptor; yields less energy than aerobic resp

Back 48

anaerobic respiration

Front 49

originally referred to process of incomplete catabolsim of sugar to produce ETOH in wines; anaerobic growth environment

Back 49

fermentation

Front 50

What happens to pyruvate during fermentation?

Back 50

It is converted into ETOH instead of going through the Krebs cycle

Front 51

Why do eukaryotes lack fermentation pathways?

Back 51

They require O2 to survive and fermentation is an anaerobic process.

Front 52

Process by which CO2 is used to produce c-containing organic molecules including sugar and O2; essentially the reverse of glycolysis

Back 52

photosynthesis

Front 53

use of salt found in rocks as energy source

Back 53

chemosynthesis

Front 54

protein catalysts that cells use to convert some molecules into others

Back 54

enzyme

Front 55

amount of heat necessary to cause chemical reaction

Back 55

activation energy

Front 56

Bacteria (and other organisms) that can use carbon dioxide from
the air as a source of carbon.

Back 56

autotrophs

Front 57

The process by which molecules in a solution are always bouncing
around and off of one another.

Back 57

Brownian motion

Front 58

Bacteria that do not require either sunlight or organic nutrients, but
rather use minerals and gases from the air, and derive their energy
from chemicals found in rocks.

Back 58

chemoautotrophs

Front 59

A form of symbiosis where one organism helps another, but the first organism is unaffected either for good or bad by the second

Back 59

commensalism

Front 60

Organisms that require vitamins or similar nutrients.

Back 60

fastidious organisms

Front 61

Bacteria specially adapted to growth in high-salt conditions.

Back 61

halophiles

Front 62

Bacteria (and other organisms) that require their carbon source to
already be in an organic form, such as a sugar or amino acid.

Back 62

heterotrophs

Front 63

Bacteria that grow best at warm temperatures.

Back 63

mesophiles

Front 64

A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one organism and harmful to the other

Back 64

parasitism

Front 65

Bacteria that grow best at cold temperatures.

Back 65

psychrophiles

Front 66

A bacterium that cannot grow at high temperatures but will not be killed by exposure to such temperatures over a short period of
time.

Back 66

thermoduric bacterium

Front 67

Bacteria that grow best at hot temperatures.

Back 67

thermophiles

Front 68

The six most abundant elements in microbes are:

Back 68

carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
hydrogen
sulfur.

Front 69

The six most abundant types of molecules in a living bacterium are:

Back 69

water
proteins
RNA
carbohydrates
lipids
DNA.

Front 70

Bacteria that can use carbon dioxide from the air as their carbon source

Back 70

Autotrophs:

Front 71

Bacteria that require their carbon source in an organic form (e.g., a sugar or an amino acid)

Back 71

Heterotrophs:

Front 72

Bacteria that do not produce their own vitamins, usually because they can acquire them from the host

Back 72

Fastidious organisms:

Front 73

Mutant bacteria that are incapable of synthesizing an organic molecule, such as a vitamin

Back 73

Auxotrophs:

Front 74

How is culture media produced?

Back 74

Agar is added to the culture broth, the entire mix is boiled to melt the agar, and the mix is poured into petri dishes where it solidifies as it cools to room temperature.

Front 75

How does diffusion help in a cell nutritionally?

Back 75

Because of Brownian motion, nutrient molecules are constantly moving, so they make contact with the bacterium, pass through outer layers, and diffuse to the bacteria’s cytoplasmic membrane where the cell can transport them inside

Front 76

The strength of the________________________ prevents a bacterial cell from rupturing due to internal osmotic or hydrostatic pressure.

Back 76

peptidoglycan layer

Front 77

Small samples of a culture.

Back 77

aliquots

Front 78

The use of the energy and building blocks left by catabolism to
produce new cellular materials, such as macromolecules.

Back 78

anabolism

Front 79

The process in which cells divide and form two progeny cells that
are equal to the original cell

Back 79

binary fission

Front 80

The unfolding of a protein or nucleic acid.

Back 80

denature

Front 81

The process wherein pyruvate is further disassembled, using oxygen
to degrade the carbon completely to carbon dioxide, water, ATP, and
energy-containing electrons that are passed on to the electron
transport chain.

Back 81

Krebs cycle

Front 82

if the doubling time is thirty minutes, it will take__________for ten bacteria to grow into more than one hundred bacteria.

Back 82

two hours

Front 83

The number of viable cells in a culture can be determined by:

Back 83

performing dilutions at each time point, spreading aliquots on petri dishes, and counting the number of colonies that grow.

Front 84

A turbidimetric assay yields?

Back 84

A turbidimetric assay determines how many bacterial cells, living or dead, are present by use of a spectrophotometer. The number differs from CFU numbers, because CFU numbers only reflect viable cells.

Front 85

The three major pathways of catabolism in organisms are

Back 85

glycolysis
the Krebs cycle
electron transport

Front 86

The starting compound of glycolysis is

Back 86

glucose.

Front 87

How many ATP's are produced in the following processes?

a. Glycolysis
b. TCA cycle/electron transport

Back 87

a. Glycolysis produces two ATPs.
b. TCA cycle/electron transport produces thirty ATPs.

Front 88

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is

Back 88

oxygen.

Front 89

Two possible final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration are :

Back 89

nitrate and sulfate.

Front 90

three types of macromolecules that require building blocks, or precursor molecules are:

Back 90

DNA, RNA, and amino acids