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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bacteria mutated where it can no longer make a specific vitamin
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auxotroph (Ch. 12)
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photosynthetic bacteria
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photoautotroph
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bacteria that derive energy from CO2 and hydrogen to produce methane gas
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methanogen
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liquid media
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broths
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broth solidified by condition of agar
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solid media
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media consisting of completely known chemicals
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synthetic aka defined media
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brain-heart infusion broths in which exact chemical composition is unknown
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nonsynthetic aka complex media
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addition of nutrients to brain-heart infusion
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enriched medium
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Agar used for the isolation of human pathogens from body sites
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blood agar
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media that allows for growth of specific bacteria only
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selective media
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media that allows several bacteria to grow, but causes them to appear differently
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differential media
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process of spreading out, driven by Brownian motion
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difussion
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pressure resulting from water trying to reduce the chemical gradient
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hydrostatic aka osmotic pressure
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bacteria that grows in presence of air
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aerobes
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bacteria that require O2 to grow
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obligate aerobes
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bacteria that grows in the absence of O2
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anaerobes
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bacteria that grow with or without O2
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facultative anaerobes
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bacteria that grow in acidic conditions
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acidophiles
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bacteria that grow in high pH (alkaline) environments
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alkalophile
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bacteria that can't grow without high concentrations of salt
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obligate halophiles
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bacteria that grow at boiling temps and above
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extreme thermophiles
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bacteria that can't grow in high temps but can't be killed by high temps
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thermoduric
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Symbiotic relationship where total growth success of both organisms is greater that if organisms had grown independently
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synergism
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Symbiotic relationship when both populations need each other for quality of living
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mutualistic
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bacteria that require reduced levels of O2
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microaerophiles
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Mutually harmful symbiotic relationship
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antagonism
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Each division or doubling of a cell
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generation (ch. 13)
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When bacteria double every consistent period of time
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exponential growth
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phase where cells are adapting to rich supply of nutrients in prep for growth
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lag phase
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How long is the lag phase?
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30-60 mins
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Phase in which cells start to multiply by doubling until a nutrient becomes limited; second phase
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log phase
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How long is the log phase?
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a few hrs
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phase where cells are unable to produce new cells or reproduce as the same rate as cells are dying
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stationary aka decline aka death phase
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cells that produce enzymes that cause self lysis resulting in spreading and growth
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autolytic
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resulting colony count x dilution factor = # of bacteria in original sample
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total cell count
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several piles of cells that arise from a single diluted cell called a colony forming unit (CFU0
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colonies
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All chemical processes that occur in a cell
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metabolism
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the breakdown of complex materials into building blocks or energy used for synthesis
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catabolism
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the use of energy to produce more cellular material
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anabolism
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presence of nutrients signals cells not to produce more
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feedback inhibition
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The process by which enzymes uses glucose + fructose and combines them to form sucrose
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reaction
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suffix used on proteins to indicate enzymic activity
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-ase
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process by which glucose is transported inside of cell and oxidized
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glycolysis
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During glycolysis, the 6 carbon sugar is converted into two 3 cabron acid called
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puruvic acid
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Consists of a series of carriers in a membrane; electron derived energy is used to pump protons out of cell; leads to ATP synthesis
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electron transport chain
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The transfer of electrons to O2 coupled with the synthesis of ATP; O2 is required.
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oxidativive phosphorylation
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the passage of electrons to 02 to create H2o
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respiration
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the use of nitrate or sulfate instead of )2 as final electron receptor; yields less energy than aerobic resp
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anaerobic respiration
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originally referred to process of incomplete catabolsim of sugar to produce ETOH in wines; anaerobic growth environment
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fermentation
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What happens to pyruvate during fermentation?
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It is converted into ETOH instead of going through the Krebs cycle
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Why do eukaryotes lack fermentation pathways?
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They require O2 to survive and fermentation is an anaerobic process.
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Process by which CO2 is used to produce c-containing organic molecules including sugar and O2; essentially the reverse of glycolysis
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photosynthesis
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use of salt found in rocks as energy source
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chemosynthesis
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protein catalysts that cells use to convert some molecules into others
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enzyme
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amount of heat necessary to cause chemical reaction
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activation energy
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Bacteria (and other organisms) that can use carbon dioxide from
the air as a source of carbon. |
autotrophs
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The process by which molecules in a solution are always bouncing
around and off of one another. |
Brownian motion
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Bacteria that do not require either sunlight or organic nutrients, but
rather use minerals and gases from the air, and derive their energy from chemicals found in rocks. |
chemoautotrophs
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A form of symbiosis where one organism helps another, but the first organism is unaffected either for good or bad by the second
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commensalism
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Organisms that require vitamins or similar nutrients.
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fastidious organisms
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Bacteria specially adapted to growth in high-salt conditions.
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halophiles
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Bacteria (and other organisms) that require their carbon source to
already be in an organic form, such as a sugar or amino acid. |
heterotrophs
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Bacteria that grow best at warm temperatures.
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mesophiles
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A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one organism and harmful to the other
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parasitism
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Bacteria that grow best at cold temperatures.
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psychrophiles
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A bacterium that cannot grow at high temperatures but will not be killed by exposure to such temperatures over a short period of
time. |
thermoduric bacterium
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Bacteria that grow best at hot temperatures.
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thermophiles
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The six most abundant elements in microbes are:
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carbon
oxygen nitrogen phosphorus hydrogen sulfur. |
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The six most abundant types of molecules in a living bacterium are:
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water
proteins RNA carbohydrates lipids DNA. |
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Bacteria that can use carbon dioxide from the air as their carbon source
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Autotrophs:
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Bacteria that require their carbon source in an organic form (e.g., a sugar or an amino acid)
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Heterotrophs:
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Bacteria that do not produce their own vitamins, usually because they can acquire them from the host
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Fastidious organisms:
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Mutant bacteria that are incapable of synthesizing an organic molecule, such as a vitamin
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Auxotrophs:
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How is culture media produced?
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Agar is added to the culture broth, the entire mix is boiled to melt the agar, and the mix is poured into petri dishes where it solidifies as it cools to room temperature.
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How does diffusion help in a cell nutritionally?
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Because of Brownian motion, nutrient molecules are constantly moving, so they make contact with the bacterium, pass through outer layers, and diffuse to the bacteria’s cytoplasmic membrane where the cell can transport them inside
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The strength of the________________________ prevents a bacterial cell from rupturing due to internal osmotic or hydrostatic pressure.
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peptidoglycan layer
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Small samples of a culture.
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aliquots
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The use of the energy and building blocks left by catabolism to
produce new cellular materials, such as macromolecules. |
anabolism
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The process in which cells divide and form two progeny cells that
are equal to the original cell |
binary fission
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The unfolding of a protein or nucleic acid.
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denature
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The process wherein pyruvate is further disassembled, using oxygen
to degrade the carbon completely to carbon dioxide, water, ATP, and energy-containing electrons that are passed on to the electron transport chain. |
Krebs cycle
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if the doubling time is thirty minutes, it will take__________for ten bacteria to grow into more than one hundred bacteria.
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two hours
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The number of viable cells in a culture can be determined by:
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performing dilutions at each time point, spreading aliquots on petri dishes, and counting the number of colonies that grow.
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A turbidimetric assay yields?
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A turbidimetric assay determines how many bacterial cells, living or dead, are present by use of a spectrophotometer. The number differs from CFU numbers, because CFU numbers only reflect viable cells.
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The three major pathways of catabolism in organisms are
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glycolysis
the Krebs cycle electron transport |
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The starting compound of glycolysis is
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glucose.
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How many ATP's are produced in the following processes?
a. Glycolysis b. TCA cycle/electron transport |
a. Glycolysis produces two ATPs.
b. TCA cycle/electron transport produces thirty ATPs. |
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The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is
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oxygen.
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Two possible final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration are :
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nitrate and sulfate.
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three types of macromolecules that require building blocks, or precursor molecules are:
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DNA, RNA, and amino acids
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