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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Lamentations in the Hebrew bible?
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Ekhah which means "How" being the formula for the commencement of a song of wailing; It is the first word of the book
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What was Lamentations written as?
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a reminder of the fall of Jerusalem and of the burning of the temple
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Who is the author of Lamentations and what was the date that it was written?
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Although the writer of Lamentations is anonymous, ancient Jewish and Christian tradition ascribes it to Jeremiah. Since he was an eye witness to the divine judgment on Jerusalem in 586 BC it is reasonable to assume he was the author. The book was probably written shortly after 586 BC
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What does each book of Lamentations consist of?
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The book consists of five separate poems. In chapter 1 the prophet dwells on the manifold miseries oppressed by which the city sits as a solitary widow weeping sorely. In chapter 2 these miseries are described in connection with the national sins that had caused them. Chapter 3 speaks of hope for the people of God. The chastisement would only be for their good; a better day would dawn for them. Chapter 4 laments the ruin and desolation that had come upon the city and temple, but traces it only to the people's sins. Chapter 5 is a prayer that Zion's reproach may be taken away in the repentance and recovery of the people.
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What is unique about the first 4 poems in Lamenatations
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they are acrostic
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What is special about the book of Lamentations (content wise)
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It is the only OT book that consists soley of laments.
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What does Ecclesiastes mean in Hebrew?
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Quohelet and means Teacher or Preacher. The word comes from the Hebrew root word "assembly" or "congregation"
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Who is the author of Ecclesiastes? What time period is it dated to?
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No time period or writer's name is mentioned in the book, but several passages strongly suggest that Solomon is the author. Though some date the book as late as the third centuryBC, Solomonic authorship would demand a date of the tenth century BC
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What is the Theme and Message of Ecclesiastes?
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Life not centered on God is purposeless and meaningless. With him, nothing else can satisfy. With him, all of life and hsi other good gifts are to be gratefully received and used and enjoyed to the full. The book contains the philosophical and theological reflections of an old man, most of whose life was meaningless because he had not himself relied on God.
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What does Job mean?
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it can be interpreted in different ways
-Where is my father? -be an enemy -opponent of Yahwe -one whom Yahweh has treated as an enemy |
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Who was Job
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A man from Uz that was very rich and righteous.
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Who is the author of Job?
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Job was not the author. The author was an Israelite who probably had access to or and/or written sources from which he composed the book.
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When was Job written?
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There are two possible dates for Job:
1) the date of the man Job and his historical setting 2)the date of the inspired writer of the book. It was most likely written sometime between 2000 and 1000 BC |
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What is the Theme and Message of Job?
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The book provides a profound statement on the justice of God in light of human suffering. How can the justice of an almighty God be defended in the face of evil, especially human suffering, and even more particularly, the suffering of the innocent? The suffering of the righteous must be seen in the light of the cosmic struggle between God and Satan.
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Why would Job sacrifice a burnt offering after his children had get togethers?
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because he wanted to atone for the possible sins his kids committed
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What are the bad things that happen to Job? (In order)
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The Sabeans attacked and carried away Job's oxen and donkeys
Fire fell from the sky and burned up the sheep and servants The Chaldeans took away more servants and the camels A mighty wind from the desert killed his sons and daughters Job was inflicted with painful sores |
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What did Job do when he got his sores
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he scraped himself with pottery and sat among the ashes
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What did Job do after the 4 messangers came w/ bad news
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he shaved his head and still praised the Lord
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What is the structure of Job?
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Prologue (prose)
laments,dialogues and speeches (poetry) epilogue (prose) |
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Who are Job's three friends that counsel him?
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Eliphaz the Temanite
Bildad the Shuhite Zophar the Naamathite |
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What does Ezekiel mean?
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God will strengthen
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Who is Ezekiel?
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One of the great prophets, the son of Buzi the priest. He was one of the Jewish exiles who settled at Tel-Abib, on the banks of the Chebar, "in the land of the Chaldeans." He was probably carried away captive with Jehoiachin about B.C. 597. His prophetic call came to him "in the fifth year of Jehoiachin's captivity". He had a house in the place of his exile, where he lost his wife, in the ninth year of his exile, by some sudden and unforeseen stroke. He held a prominent place among the exiles, and was frequently consulted by the elders. His ministry extended over twenty-three years, B.C. 595-573, during part of which he was contemporary with Daniel and Jeremiah, and probably also with Obadiah. The time and manner of his death are unknown. His reputed tomb is pointed out in the neighborhood of Bagdad, at a place called Keffil.
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What are Ezekiel's 3 groups of prophecy?
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1. utters words of denunciation against the Jews, warning them of the certain destruction of Jerusalem, in opposition to the words of the false prophets. The symbolical acts, by which the extremities to which Jerusalem would be reduced are described in, show his intimate acquaintance with the Levitical legislation.
2. Prophecies against various surrounding nations: against the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Edomites, the Philistines, Tyre and Sidon, and against Egypt. 3. Prophecies delivered after the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar: the triumphs of Israel and of the kingdom of God on earth; Messianic times, and the establishment and prosperity of the kingdom of God. |
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Why does Job have different canonical placemenst in the LXX, MT, and Syriac Bible?
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Because of the uncertainty of the authorship date and its literary genre
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Why is it hard to date Job?
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Job was probably written in sections completed at different times.
The prose sections (the prologue and the epilogue) show great parallels to traditions in the Pentateuch, so it is postulated that the prose story was ancient and handed down from an original setting before 1000. The poetry section differs greatly from the prose sections and instead has many similarities with Jeremiah, Isaiah, Psalms, Proverbs, Amos, etc. This section could probably be dated to the seventh century or a later date. Therefore, it is likely to state that between 600 and 700 the book was completed |
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What does the prologue of Job serve as?
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It sets the stage for all the speeches that follow.
depicts God's sovereignty over Satan shows Jobs sorrows introduces Job's friends |
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What is a characteristic of Eliphaz's speech?
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he is a gentle, confident mystic
his speech is compassionate |
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What is a characteristic of Bildad's speech?
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a firm tradionalist
speech begins w/ accusation |
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What is a characteristic of Zophar?
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a rash dogmatic
speech begins w/ accusation |
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What is the basic message that all of Job's friends say to him?
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The call fro him to repent of the sin that must have caused his suffering.
*from OTS "In so doing the comforters end up tempting Job to seek God for personal gain rather than for God himself." |
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What is the body of Job's friend's speeches?
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Wisdom instruction
description of the fate of the wicked and the upright hymnic lines in praise of God exhortations to seek God |
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What is the basis of Job's protest
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that he is not sinless, but that his suffering far exceeds any sin he may have committed
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What are the four parts of the hymns in job?
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-human genius develops the technology that enables humans to mine gens from the earth. human brilliance, does not approach wisdom
-wisdom cannot be purchased -God alone has access to wisdom -divine wisdom is beyond human reach |
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What are Job's camels a symbol of?
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the stature he lost and would regain
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In Job, what does the Behemoth represent?
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the hippopotamus
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In Job, what does the Leviathan represent?
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the crocodile
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What good things happen to Job after his reconciliation with the Lord?
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He gets a priestly role in intercession
God forgives Job's friends Job gets back his possessions and family Job's life is prolonged and multiplies his posterity |
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What is the main theme of Ecclesiastes according to the lecture notes?
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life is sad, vain
-writes against kings -preaches that the righteous will prosper if you are faithful to God |
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What does Ecclesiastes say about living our lives?
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That we should enjoy the life God has given us
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Who is Ezekiel? (lecture notes)
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a priest exiled in 597 during the 1st deportation
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What was Ezekiel's call to being a prophet?
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In 593 by the rier Chebar in Babylon
he had a vision of glory |
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What did the four living creatures look like in Ezekiel's vision of Glory when he was called to be a prophet?
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The had the body of a man, but had four faces and four wings. they had feet like a calf that were bronze. They had hands of a man. The four faces were made up of the following: man, lion, ox, and an eagle.
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What is the story of Ezekiel's call to be a prophet?
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He saw four special creatures (see other notecard) but the Lord talked to him and gave him a scroll and told him to eat it. Ezekiel ate it.
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What was the first message that Ezekiel preached?
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The fall of Jerusalem
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What does Ezekiel's brick painting symbolize?
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the seige of Israel
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What does Ezekiel lying on his left side represent?
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390 days
punishment of Israel |
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What does Ezekiel lying on his right side represent?
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40 days
punishment of Judah |
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What does Ezekiel do when he shaves his head?
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He divides it into 3 groups of hair
representations: fire sword scattering Represents that "A third of your people will die of the plague or perish by famine inside you; a thired will fall by the sword outside your walls; a third I will scatter to the winds and pursue with drawn sword." |
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What happened after Ezekiel was shown the idolatry in the temple?
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the idolators were killed
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What does Ezekiel's digging through the wall symbolize in chapter 12?
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baggage for exile
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What was the reason for Jerusalem's fall?
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harlotry
depicted in chapters 16 and 23 |
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What does the death of Ezekiel's wife symbolize?
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Jerusalem dying
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What does God command Ezekiel to do after his wife dies?
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to not talk again until jerusalem falls
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What does Ezekiel stress in chapter 18?
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That God holds you are accountable for your own sin, and you are not responsible of that from those before you.
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In Ezekiel, what does Oholah do?
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she engaged w/ prostitution with the Assyrian warriors
(she began her prostituion w/ Egypt) |
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In Ezekiel, what does Oholibah do?
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She too prostituted with the Assyrians but then went to the Chaldeans and Babylonians
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In Ezekiel, what is the prophecy against the King of Tyre
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that he will come to a horrible end
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In Ezekiel, what is the prophecy against Sidon?
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that the Lord will inflict punishment on them
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When does Ezekiel speak again
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After Jerusalem falls in 587
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What is Ezekiel's new message after the fall?
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Return to the land
Have a new heart and obedience to the spirit reunification of israel and judah restored community eternal covenant |
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What do the dry bones symbolize in Ezekiel?
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the resurrection of Israel and Judah
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What do the 2 sticks symbolize in Ezekiel?
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The reunification of Judah and Israel (they are brought back together as one)
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In Ezekiel, what was the new nation going to be ruled by?
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A dyarchy between a davidic king and a Zadokite
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Who wrote Isaiah 40-55?
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Isaiah
prophetic towards the 6th century |
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What is the message of Isaiah 40-55?
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Comfort "I'm aware of your suffering, and I will save you"
New Exodus (leave babylon) Creation Cyrus Mnotheism Universal God |
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Who was Isaiah 40-55 directed at?
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the ppl living in exile in babylon
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Why is Cyrus talked about in terms relating him to being the Messiah?
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Because in 539 he conquered Babylon
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What did Cyrus do in 538?
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He gave an edict to return to Jerusalem
he allowed Yahweh to go back to Judah and let the ppl build a temple for Him |
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What happened in 538?
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Cyrus let the exiles go back to Jerusalem
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What is henotheism?
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a head god, but other exist
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What are characteristics of the servant according to Isaiah 40-55?
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chosen, endowed w/ spirit, brings justice to nations, restores Israel, suffers vicariously (suffering for someone on behalf of someone else)
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what does oil represent?
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the holy spirit
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What is the davidic covenant?
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the promise of an enternal dynasty
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What does the book of Haggai contain?
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The object of the prophet was generally to urge the people to proceed with the rebuilding of the temple.
Chapter first comprehends the first address (2-11) and its effects (12-15). Chapter second contains, (1.) The second prophecy (1-9), which was delivered a month after the first. (2.) The third prophecy (10-19), delivered two months and three days after the second; and (3.) The fourth prophecy (20-23), delivered on the same day as the third. These discourses are referred to in Ezra 5:1; 6:14; Heb. 12:26. (Compare Hag. 2:7, 8, 22.) |
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Who was Haggai?
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He was a prophet who, along with Zechariah, encouraged the returned exiles to rebuild the temple.
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What are the two distinct parts of Zechariah?
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His book consists of two distinct parts: (1) chapters 1 to 8, inclusive, and (2) chapters 9 to the end. It begins with a preface (1:1-6), which recalls the nation's past history, for the purpose of presenting a solemn warning to the present generation. Then follows a series of eight visions (1:7-6:8), succeeding one another in one night, which may be regarded as a symbolical history of Israel, intended to furnish consolation to the returned exiles and stir up hope in their minds. The symbolical action, the crowning of Joshua (6:9-15), describes how the kingdoms of the world become the kingdom of God's Christ.
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Summarize the second part of Zechariah
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The second part of the book (ch. 9-14) bears no date. It is probable that a considerable interval separates it from the first part. It consists of two burdens.
The first burden (ch. 9-11) gives an outline of the course of God's providential dealings with his people down to the time of the Advent. The second burden (ch. 12-14) points out the glories that await Israel in "the latter day", the final conflict and triumph of God's kingdom. |
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Who was Zechariah?
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Zechariah was a prophet and a priest. He was among those who returned to Judah in 538. He was a contemporary of Haggai but continued his ministry long after him.
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When was the book of Zechariah written?
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Probably sometime before 480 BC
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What messianic predictions does Zechariah make?
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-Christ's coming in lowliness
-his humanity -his rejection and betrayal for 30 pieces of silver -his being struch by the sword of the Lord -his priesthood -his kingship -his coming in glory -his building of the Lord's temple -his reign -his establishment of enduring peace and prosperity |
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What does Zechariah mainly talk about?
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rebuilding the temple and messianic prophecy
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What are the two main sections of Ezra?
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It consists of two principal divisions:
(1.) The history of the first return of exiles, in the first year of Cyrus (B.C. 536), till the completion and dedication of the new temple, in the sixth year of Darius Hystapes (B.C. 515), ch. 1-6. From the close of the sixth to the opening of the seventh chapter there is a blank in the history of about sixty years. (2.) The history of the second return under Ezra, in the seventh year of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and of the events that took place at Jerusalem after Ezra's arrival there (7-10). |
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Who is the author of Ezra?
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It is believe that the same writer of Chronicles 1 and 2 and Nehemiah
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What is the date of Ezra?
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440 BC
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What is the Theme and Message of Ezra?
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Ezra tells of the return of the Jews from exile in Babylon and also of the rebuilding of the temple. The people completed and dedicated the temple in 516 BC after being delayed for 18 years by their enemies from the north. A decree from Darius in 520 BC allowed them to finish. Ezra taught the people the law and reforemd their religious life so the other nations around them could see they were God's chosen nation.
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Haggai and Zechariah were prophets during the time of what King?
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King Darius
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Who is Zerubbabel the grandson of?
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Jehoiachin
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Who is Zerubbabel?
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Zerubbabel led the first band of Jews, numbering 42,360, who returned from the Babylonian Captivity in the first year of Cyrus, King of Persia (Ezra). Zerubbabel is also laid the foundation of the Second Temple in Jerusalem the next year.
Z was the one who finished laying the foundation for the temple He was a Davidide Govenor |
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When is the date of the 1st Restoration?
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538 at the time of Cyrus's decree
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Who lead the 1st return?
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Sheshbazzar
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Who was Sheshbazzar and what did he do?
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He was a Davidide Govenor who lead the exiles back to Jerusalem in the 1st Restoration. He also started the foundation of the temple, but didn't finish.
Records of his life after that point don't exist. He seemed to have disappeared |
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Who is God's signet ring?
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Zerubbabel
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When can the book of Zechariah be dated to?
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480 BC
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Zechariah was a contemporary of who
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Haggai
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Zechariah preached during the time of
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King Darius
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What is the story of the calling of the priest Joshua? (as recounted in Zechariah)
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Joshua was in filthy clothing and appeared before an angel.
He was clothed in rich clothing and a clean turban was put on his head. The Lord called him to serve him along with Zerubbabel |
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Who is the Branch
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Zerubbabel
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What do the two olive branches and two pipes of oil symbolize in Zechariah?
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The Priest and the Davidide that will rule over the new nation. (Jeshua and the Branch)
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Who was Joshua/Jeshua
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A high priest of the jews
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When was the temple completed?
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515 BC
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What was a result of the prophets constant encouragement to rebuild the temple?
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the altar was built and sacrifices were made again
the foundation was built the temple was finished |
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what the did the ppl do after the altar was built
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they celebrated the feast of tabernacles and burnt offerings
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What opposition rised from the building of the temple?
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Enemies of Jerusalem
Tabeel, Rehum, Shimshai, all wrote a letter to King Artaxerxes |
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What happened as a product of the protest lettrs sent to King Art.?
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The building of the temple was stopped
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Who lead the 1st return under Restoration I?
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Sheshbazzar
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Who lead the 2nd return under Restoration I?
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Zerubbabel
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Who lead the 3rd return under Restoration II?
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Ezra
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Who lead the 4th return under Restoration II?
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Nehemiah
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What year did Ezra come back with the 3rd return?
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458
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What year did Nehemiah come back with the 4th return?
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445
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What year did Nehemiah come back for his 2nd term?
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432
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What did Ezra do?
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He brought back the Torah
forced ppl to divorce their foreign wives read the Torah to everyone |
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What did Nehemiah do?
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Built the city wall
reinstated tithing Told ppl to stop violating the sabbath put an end to mixed marriages |
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Nehemiah was a...
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cupbearer for the King Artaxerxes
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Who opposed the building of the city walls?
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Sanballat (North)
Tobiah (trans-jordan) Geshem (King of Arabs) |
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Who is Hanani?
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Nehemiah's brother who he put in charge of Jerusalem
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What is the DTR
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Deuternomic histories
Joshua-Kings |
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What was Daniel's new name given to him by the Babylonians?
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Belteshazzar
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What was Daniel appointed to do when he lived among the exiles in Babylon?
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He was trained in the language and literature of the Babylonians
they were trained for 3 years |
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Daniel lived and served under which king?
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King Nbuchadnezzar
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What is the story of Daniel and the royal food?
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Daniel refused to eat the royal food of the court, and the officials told him that he should because he needs to look healthy for his position. Daniel said that for 10 days have them give him vegetables and water and compare him to the others who ate royal food. After the time was up, Daniel looked healthier.
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What is the story of Nebuchadnezzar's dream and Daniel?
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King N was having troubling dreams and couldn't sleep at night. He called his magicians to interpret the dream, but said that he would not tell him the dream to interpret, that they must be able to tell him the dream and interpret it as well. All the magicians said that they couldn't do it. However, Daniel received King N's dream in a vision from the Lord.
This was the dream: King Nebuchadnezzar was a statue. He had a gold chest, silver arms, a belly/thighs of bronze, iron legs, and iron/clay feet. A rock came and smashed the feet of the statue and everything crumbled to pieces. Interpretation: The different metal parts represented kingdoms. It showed the progression of kingdoms that will rise, eventually leading to one that will not be inferior to Babylon. After this, Daniel was placed in a high position in the court. |
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What is the story of Shadrach, Michach, and Abendigo?
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King N had built a build gold statue of himself and said that anyone who doesn't worship it will be thrown into a firey furnace. Shadrach, Michach and Abendigo said that they wouldn't worship him, or any gods that he builds, so King N had them thrown into the fire. When they were in the fire, King N saw not 3 men but 4 men walking around, all unharmed. When the men came out, they were still clothed and completely unharmed.
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What is the story of King N's dream of a tree?
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King N had another troubling dream that involved a tree that was strong and stretched to the sky. Then a voice from the sky told him to cut down the tree.
Interpretation: The tree=King N. He will be driven away from the ppl and live with the wild animals. The kingdom will be restored to him when he acknowleges God. *this dream was fulfilled 12 months later |
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What is the story of King N and the writing on the wall?
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King N's son was holding a banquet and ppl decided to drink wine from the holy goblets from the temple of the Lord. When this was done a finger appeared and started writing on the walls.
Daniel interpreted the writing, it said "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Parsin." This is what it meant: Mene-God has numbered the days of your reign and brought it to an end Tekel-You have been weighed on the scles and found wanting Peres-Your kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians That night Belshazzar (King N's son) was slain and Darius took over as King |
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What is the story of Daniel and the Lions den?
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The officials under King Darius were trying to find some reason to get rid of Daniel, but they couldn't find any. Finally they said that Darius should issue a decree that anyone who worships another man or god other than Darius will be thrown into the lion's den. When the decree was issued, Daniel went and prayed to the Lord and Darius's officals saw him. They told on him and Darius tried to stall in before getting him thrown into the lions den. Eventually, he was thrown into the den, but the Lord saved him and he wasn't attacked.
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What is the story of Daniel's dream of the Four Beasts?
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Four beasts came out of the sea. One was a lion that had wings like an eagle. Eventually its wings tore and ti stood on two feet like a man and the heart of a man was given to it.
The 2nd animal was a bear and it had 3 ribs in its mouth. It was told to "get up and eat your fill of flesh" The next animal was a leopard and it had four wings like a bird. It had four heads and was given authority to rule The last animal had large iron teeth and it devoured anything in its path. It was different from all the other beasts and had 10 horns. Then one of the little horns spoke. Eventually the beast is slain. Then the son of man appeared and was given "authority, glory and sovereign power" Interpretation: The four beasts are 4 great kingdoms of the earth. The fourth beast (the terrifying one) was the fourth kingdom that will appear and will devour the whole earth. Then 10 horns=the 10 kings of it. The small horn that rises will kill 3 of the kings and speak against the most high. However, all the power will be taken away from that kingdom by the son of man |
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What is the story of Daniel's Vision of a Ram and a Goat?
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Daniel received a vision where a ram w/ two horns came up and stood beside him. One of the horns was longer than the other. He moved in all directions, taking anything that stood in its path. No one could subdue its power. Then a goat w/ one big horn came and attacked the ram, knocking off its two horns and leaving it powerless. When the goat became powerful it lost its one horn and got 4 new ones.
Interpretation: The two horned ram represents the kings of Media and Persia. The goat is the king of Greece and the large horn is its 1st king. the four horns represent the 4 kingdoms that will emerge from greece. |
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What is apocalyptic
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a genre of revelatory literature with a narrative framework in which a revelation is mediated by an other wordly being to a human recipient
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What are characteristics of Classical Prophecy?
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preachy
local politics individual events rule of Yahweh over his people Davidide human agency plain speech |
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What are characteristics of Apocalyptic Prophecy?
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writing
cosmic message universal history world wide domain Son of Man divine intervention symbolic vision |
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what is prophecy by periodization of history
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breaking up by kingdoms
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what is prophecy by dualism
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emphasizes a radical break between this world and the next
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What are other elements of prophecy?
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end time baltle
mythic elements heavenly mediators anonymous or pseudonymous authorship |
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In Daniel, how are the initial chapters linked?
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2 to 7 (connected by 4 Kingdoms)
3 to 6 (supernatural deliverance) 4 to 5 (Kings judged by God) |
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What is the main message of Apocalypses?
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The kingdom of this world will become the kingdom of God
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What is the main purpose of the Apocalypses?
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To comfort God's persecuted people
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What is a Hellenistic civilization?
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spreading of Greek culture and colonization over the non-Greek lands that were conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. The Hellenistic age marks the unification of the Greek world, sharing a common culture based on that of 5th and 4th century BC Athens, along with a fusion of Near Eastern cultures.[1] The period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and Kingdoms in Asia and Africa.[2] Those new cities were composed by Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not from a specific "mother city" (metropolis) as before.[2] The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece, to Pergamon, Rhodes, as well as to new Greek colonies such as Antioch and Alexandria.
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Identify Alexander the Great
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He was from Greece and went and conquered the "world" by age 33
died of a fever in Babylon |
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What happened when Alexander the Great died?
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His kingdom was broken into 4 pieces under 4 man generals of his
Cassander-Macedonia and Greece Lyimachus-Thrace Selecus-Syria, Asian Minor, Mesopotamia Ptolemy- Palestine and Egypt |
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Who took Palestine away from Ptolemy?
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Antiochus III
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What did Antiochus IV do?
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He forced Hellenization
ie "everyone let's become Greek!" -sold high priesthood |
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Why did Antiochus IV fail to take Egypt
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Rome got involved and Popilus Laenas stopped him and made him retreat.
Consquence? A. IV got really cranky and took it out on the Jews, outlawing Judaism 167 caused the abomination of desolation |
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In Daniel, what do the 4 Kingdoms represent
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Babylon, Media, Persia, Greece
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In Daniel, who is the ram?
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Media-Persia
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In Daniel, who is the male goat?
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Alexander the Great
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In Daniel, what do the 4 horns on the male goat symbolize?
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the 4 generals that divide Alexander's kingdom
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What does the "Beautiful Land" refer to?
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Jerusalem
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Who is the little horn of the goat in Daniel?
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Antiochus IV
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In Ch 11 of Daniel, who is the King of the North?
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Seleucids
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In Ch 11 of Daniel, who is the King of the South?
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Ptolemies
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In Ch 11 of Daniel, who is the evil king?
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Antiochus IV
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