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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What happened to the Vikings football player in 2001?
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- Cory Stringer was a 27 year old and died
- 108.8 degrees, organs failed - OSU graduate - heat related problems |
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Which type of thermal hazard happens faster?
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cold stress
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What is heat stress?
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- the net heat load that a worker is exposed to
heat loss < heat gain...experience heat stress |
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What is heat strain?
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psysiological response to heat stress
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What is heat load?
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Metabolic heat
Environmental: machinery, air temp, clothing |
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What does a WBGT stand for & do?
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Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
- actual heat load on workers in work setting - air temp, humidity, radient heat |
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What are the levels of heat stress?
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1. heat stress
2. heat stroke 3. heat exhaustion |
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What temperatures is a person at risk of heat stress?
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80-85 degrees fahrenheit
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What is the Q10 Effect?
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1 degree C increase = 10% metabolic increase
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What does ACGIH stand for and what do they do?
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American Council of Governmental Hygenists
set limits on heat stress can work up to oral body temp of 101 degrees |
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What are some of the sympathetic nervous system effects of heat stress?
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vessel dilation, increased heart rate, less blood to muscles, sweating varies
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What are some of the individual differences related to heat stress?
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Age: older adults more at risk
Gender: females more at risk (more body fat) Physical Fitness: sedentary more at risk Alcohol: drink more, more at risk |
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What are some of the physical performance effects associated with heat stress?
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fatigue, distraction, increase in unsafe behaviors, social & cognitive tunneling
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What is PM and what does it involve?
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Perceptual Motor
use of eye/hand coordination (dials/buttons) |
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What are the PM & Cognitive Effects of Heat Stress?
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complex tasks requiring verbal reasoning, time sharing, difficult target detections, fine motor movements...
decrements start at 85 degrees, b'c of social/cognitive tunneling |
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Describe some priority framework solutions for Heat Stress...
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Design Out: temp management, ventilation
Guard Against: shelter Warn: visuals, coaches Train: acclimation, rest breaks, hydration, buddy system |
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What is the heat stress 4 Day Rule for climate acclimation?
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Day 1: 50% of time can be spent in climate
Day 2: 60% Day 3: 80% Day 4: 100% monitor oral temp, sweating, visual |
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What temperature puts a person at risk to cold stress?
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skin temp: -32 degrees Celsius or less
internal temp: 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit |
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What are some physiological effects of cold stress?
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-vasoconstriction in skin, legs, arms
-shivering |
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What are some of the consequences of the physiological effects from cold stress?
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-frostbite
-hypothermia -lowered metabolic rate |
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What core body temperature puts person at risk of hypothermia?
risk of a coma? |
91.1 degrees fahrenheit
86 degrees fahrenheit |
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What are some performance effects of cold stress?
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Physical: loss of motor coordination, endurance, slower reaction time
Cognitive: research is inconclusive |
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Using the priority framework, describe hazard controls for cold stress.
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Design: robotic equipment
Guard: rest breaks in warm areas Warn: visual reminders Train: observation & buddy system |
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What is the most important factor related to burns?
List some other factors. |
* depth to which burn penetrates
location, age, amount of burned area |
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What is BSA?
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body surface area
>75% usually fatal |
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Describe burn classifications by degree.
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1st: minor (sunburn)
2nd: blisters, little/no scarring (210 degrees w/ 15s of contact) 3rd: dangerous/fatal, penetrates epidermis/dermis |
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Describe burns by degree & BSA percent
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Minor: 1st degree, 2nd degree with <15% BSA, 3rd degree with <2% BSA
Moderate: 2nd degree 15%+ BSA, 3rd degree <10% & not on hands, feet, face Critical: 2nd degree with >30% BSA, 3rd with >10% BSA, hands, feet, face |
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What is the OSHA definition of confined space?
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spaces with an open top (or restricted opening) and small size restriction movement, air flow, task performance
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What is another definition of confined space?
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1. limited entry/exit
2. not intended for humans 3. work must be performed here |
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List some examples of confined space.
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sewers, tanks, elevator shafts, trenches
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What is a general confined space?
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meets OSHA definition, entrapment hazard only
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What is a permit required confined space?
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meets OSHA defn, introduces other hazards (health & safety) besides entrapment
Examples: gases/vapors, engulfment by water, pathogens/insects/animals |
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Describe some source hazard controls for confined spaces
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remove from populated work areas
inside building removed from populated work areas |
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Explain some path hazard control solutions for confined spaces
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protective railing
PPE visual warnings attendant |
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Describe some person hazard controls for confined space.
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training
permit for entry written permit space program |
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Describe what happened in Farmington, WVa
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huge mining explosion in 1968
killed 78 led to passage of MSHA (Mining Safety & Health Admin) |
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Who does MSHA apply to?
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anyone working in surface or underground mine
maintenance workers operating in these areas |
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What are the requirements of MSHA?
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24 hours of training
3 content areas in first 8hours Rest = job specific written training plan & evaluation methods |
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What are some mining hazards?
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cave-ins, explosions, toxicity from surface waste & gas buildup, coal dust, engulfment, drowning, falling rock, ground instability
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Describe the structure of the Department of Labor.
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OSHA, Armed Forces, & MSHA each fall separately under DOL
Memorandum of Agreement between OSHA & MSHA: share enforcement in certain situations |
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What was the name of the movie we had to watch outside of class?
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Mountain Top Removal
Razing Appalachia |
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What is Black Lung Disease?
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caused by continuous exposure to coal dust
scars tissue, difficult to breathe 1500 deaths/year from this disease |
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What role does OSHA play in Noise & Vibration?
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-Monitor hearing hazards
-Engineering & Administration -Personal hearing protection -Eduction, training, persuasion -Evaluation: guideline=ANSI |
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What is the auditory stimulus?
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sound
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What is a decibel?
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unit used to express sound intensity
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What is a docimeter?
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tool measuring sound level
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What is the threshold of pain?
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140 dB
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What is the action level, intensity for hearing conservation programs?
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85 dB
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What is baseline audiometry?
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sense of hearing before exposure, used for comparison
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What is a threshold?
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minimum stimulus energy to activate a nerve cell in inner ear
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What is noise?
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unwanted sound
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What is attenuation?
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degree to which noise is blocked
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What is TTS2?
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temporary threshold shift
at 2 min, get baseline, take measurement at t=1 & t=2 |
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What are the 2 types of deafness?
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1. conductive
2. nerve deafness (continuous noise exposure, destroys hair cells) |
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What are some general hearing loss labels?
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-Presbycusis: due to aging
-Environmental Hearing Loss: Sociocusis, Occupational Hearing Loss |
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What are some physiological effects of noise & hearing loss?
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threshold shift = nerve damage
activation of startle response disrupts fine motor/perceptual ability |
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What is sympathetic activation?
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95dBA
Generalized Stress Syndrome: blasted with high noise |
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What are some cognitive effects of noise & hearing loss?
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cognitive tunneling, perservation, over confidence, performance gaps, low verbal comprehension, masking of inner speech
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What is the permissible exposure level?
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100 dBA
hearing control program, engineering controls |
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What are aurals & circumaurals? What are their associated noise reduction ratings?
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Aurals: earplugs, 18-23dB
Circumaurals: earmuffs, 20-30dB |
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What are the 3 Sense Areas in Vibration?
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1. Propioceptors: in muscles, joints, tendons, organs, body mvmt & orientation
2. Kinesthetic Receptors: in joints, angle of arms, legs, neck, torso 3. Vestibular System: semicircular canals, sense of balance, movement |
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What characterizes vibration?
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constant movement, frequency, intensity, duration, pattern
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What are the long-term effects of vibration?
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-vision/motor performance
-damage to peripheral nerves -damage to female reproductive organs -digestive system irritation -back pain (LOWER BACK) |
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What is Reynaud's Syndrome?
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hand-arm vibration syndrome
numbness, tingling, loss of sensation, difficulty with fine motor skills |
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Describe priority framework for vibration...
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Design: better equipment
Guard: breaks, anti-shock gear Warn: proper precautions Train: education, correct posture/use |
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REMEMBER TO STUDY EAR HANDOUT
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ear anatomy...
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Describe how to insert an earplug...
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Clean hands, roll, compress, pull outer ear out & up, insert, & hold
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What happened with the Imperial Food Processing Plant on September 3, 1991?
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fire inside chicken plant in NC
doors were locked, 25 died |
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What percent of fatalities are from fire?
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3%
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What are some common causes of fire?
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electrical, friction, chemical, arson, sabotage
if human cause, must show there was a motive |
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What are some conditions of fires?
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combustable element (fuel), oxidizer, ignition catalyst, interaction
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Explain the fire triangle...
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Chemical reaction in center
Oxygen: triangle side black Heat: triangle side orange Fuel: triangle side red |
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What are the movement characteristics of fire?
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Vertical Movement: stack effect (temp differences & drafts)
Horizontal Movement: mushroom effect (rise, spread, thicken) |
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What are the NFPA National Fire Code Regulations?
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Consensus Standard: extinguishing systems
OSHA 1910 L: emergency plan, unobstructed egress, restoration of alarms after use |
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What does egress mandate?
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sufficient exits, no obstruction, clearly marked, emergency alarm
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Describe Hazard Control for Fires using the Location Framework...
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Source: elminiate, confine, extinguish
Path: site planning, fire resistant clothing Person: Life Safety Code, Panic Behavior, Warning/Training, Evacuation training |
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What is Ohm's Law?
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current is function of electrical potential & resistance
path of least resistance |
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What is the relationship between resistance & conductivity?
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low resistance/high conductivity - shock
high resistance/low conductivity - fires |
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What is an indirect electrical hazard?
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electrical hazards may cause a startle reaction
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What happens during an electrical shock?
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body becomes part of circuit
point of entry and exit 3 types of exposure: person contacts both wires, one wire & ground, metallic part that has become "hot" with energized conductor |
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What are some regulations for electrical hazards?
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electrical equipment free from hazards likely to cause death/injury
grounding devices may ONLY be used for grounding |
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What does NEMA stand for?
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National Electrical Manufacturers Association
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Describe the Location framework for electrical hazards
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Source: shield, isolate, wire design (longer wire = greater resistance)
Path: insulation/sealing, grounding Person: warn, train, LOTO |
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What is LOTO?
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Lock Out Tag Out
Place locks on switch box to indicate system is disabled, no one can remove, tags indicate what is going on, nothing can be done until locks/tags removed |
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Describe Flammability in the Hazard Diamond
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Susceptibility of material to burning
RED Rank: 0 (water) - 4 (propane gas) |
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Describe the Health Hazard in the Hazard Diamond
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Type of possible injury
BLUE Rank: 0 (peanut oil) - 4 (hydrogen cyanide) |
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Explain reactivity on the hazard diamond
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susceptibility of material to burning
YELLOW Rank: 0 (liquid nitrogen) - 4 (TNT) |
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Explain Special Precuations on the Hazard Diamond
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Variable content/Protective gear required
WHITE symbols used |
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What is one of the most frequent causes of workplace injury?
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FALLS (2nd leading cause of death)
17% disabling 20% same surface falls |
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What are the 3 parts of the OSHA Fall Protection Standard?
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D: falls from regular surfaces (stairs, same surface)
F: manlifts, scaffolding R: special industries (construction) |
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What do "different surface" falling hazards include?
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falling from elevated work areas
falling objects striking worker |
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How do people fall on different surfaces?
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Loss of balance
Lack of guards Visual distraction Mis-directed |
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What do walking hazards include?
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trip & fall
stump & fall step & fall slip & fall |
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What is cognitive economy?
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When the mind uses the least amount of energy as possible
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What are some characteristics of same-surface falling?
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landing slips cause backwards falls
take off slips cause forward falls |
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What is coefficient of friction?
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cof between 2 surfaces equals the force needed to overcome friction of two materials rubbing against each other divided by force pressing the objects together
u = Fr/Fn |
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What is the difference between static & kinetic COF?
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Static: object that is stationary on a relatively smooth/hard surface
Kinetic: object that is sliding on a relatively smooth, hard surface |
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Explain the range of COFs
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0.2 (very slippery/very hazardous)
slippery/hazardous slippery/not hazardous 0.4 good traction |
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What are some suggestions for the priority framework for falling/walking hazards?
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Design: use cranes, remove hazards
Guard: use barriers, Warn: tie off areas, signs Train: safety training, situation awareness |
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What are the 5 Strategies for preventing slips?
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1. choose right material
2. retrofit existing surface 3. practice good housekeeping 4. require nonskid footwear 5. inspect surfaces frequently |
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At what height MUST workers receive training?
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6 feet
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What are some characteristics of material handling?
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lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, throwing
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What are material handling hazards?
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strains: leading to back injuries
dropping objects on hands, feet, legs, other workers |
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What percent of workers' comp claims are related to back injuries?
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20-25%
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What are proper lifting techniques?
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1. Plan Ahead
2. Lift with legs, not back 3. Push, don't pull |
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What are some machine hazards?
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crushing, shearing, puncturing, hot surfaces
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What are some consequences of machine hazards?
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fractures, lacerations, dimemberment, burns
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Using location framework, how can machine hazards be prevented?
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Source: automation, redesign
Path: safeguarding (eliminate contact, shields humans, ensures protection) |
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What are some requirements for safeguarding?
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1. Prevent contact
2. Be secure & durable 3. Protect Against 4. Create no new hazard 5. Create no interference 6. Allow safe maintenance |
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What are the different types of safeguarding?
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1. Prevent contact
2. Remain secure 3. Create no new hazards 4. Allow safe lubrication 5. Create no interference 6. Protect from falling objects |
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What are the different types of safeguarding systems?
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1. POO Guards (point of operation)
2. Feeding/Ejection Systems 3. Robot Safeguards (work envelope) 4. LOTO |
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What are the different types of POO guards?
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Fixed Guards: permanent barrier
Interlocked Guards: shut down operation or remove human (pull back) Adjustable: flexible |
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Why is it difficult to implement hazard control in agriculture?
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unorganized locations infrastructure
informal structures safety & health regs very broad |
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Major problem with agricultural equipment?
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shields/guards removed
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What are some factors leading to forklift incidents?
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poor stacking, unstable loads, too heavy, lack of training, speed, improper backing/turning
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What is technology?
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tools designed from human knowledge used to achieve certain outcomes
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How does technology affect safety?
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work behavior/morale, attitudes, practices, relations
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What is the future of Industrial Robot Systems?
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"knowledge work" drives "new economy"
new demands for smart systems globalization corporate image |
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What are some problems with technology?
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aging workforce
illiteracy: computer & functional complexity over-reliance trust/distrust |
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What are some ethical problems with technology?
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reduce need for humans
workplace stress cognitive deskilling & overload helplessness |
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What are some examples of technology?
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electronic noses, controls, smart systems, online training, robotic arms
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What are some consequences of technology use?
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accommodation problem
lacrimation (dry eyes/tearing) work stress CTDs social pathology (burnout, meaninglessness) |
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Use the location framework to describe hazard controls for technology
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Source: work design
Path: shield, isolate, work envelope Person: training, understand human needs |
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What are the types of robotic accidents?
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1. Impact/collision
2. Crushing/trapping 3. Mechanical part 4. Other (power/controls) |
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What are some sources of machine accidents?
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1. Human Error
2. Control Error 3. Unauthorized access 4. Mechanical failures 5. Environmental sources 6. Power systems 7. Improper Installation |