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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is talipes equinovarus?
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• aka clubfoot
• high arched foot that may have a crease • heel inversion (varus) with internal rotation • forefoot inverted and adducted (soles face each other) • plantar flexion with inability to dorsiflex • internal leg rotation |
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What is the treatment for clubfoot?
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• serial casting
• surgery (50 to 75% may require surgery) |
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What are causes of intoe gait?
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• femoral anteversion
• internal tibial torsion • forefoot adductus |
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What is the most common congenital foot deformity?
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metatarsus adductus
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What is metatarsus adductus?
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• a sharp, inward angle of the front half of the foot
• 90% resolve by age 1 |
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When is orthopedic referral indicated for patients with metatarsus adductus?
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indications for possible casting for deformities persisting greater than 3 months
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What is metatarsus varus?
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a fixed deformity where the foot cannot be brought into the neutral position
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What is the treatment for metatarsus varus?
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• serial casting followed by corrective shoes or inserts (1st line)
• surgery (rare) |
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Medial tibial torsion is a disorder associated with in-toeing and is commonly seen in what age group?
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12-24 months
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Medial femoral torsion is a disorder associated with in-toeing and is commonly seen in which age group?
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3-5 years
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What is the MCC of in-toeing?
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femoral anteversion
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What is the a striking feature of femoral anteversion on examination of the hips in children?
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excessive range of internal rotation, but limited external rotation
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What is the most common neonatal foot deformity?
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out-toeing
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What is pseudo-out-toeing?
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• most commonly seen in children who are just learning to walk
• although both feet turn outward when infants stand, the lateral rotation of both hips is normal on exam |
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What are the 2 processes associated with true out-toeing?
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• lateral tibial torsion
• physiologic out-toeing |
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What are characteristics of lateral tibial torsion?
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• 3-5 years of age
• presents with out-toeing that worsens with time • mal-alignment between the knee and direction of gait may produce knee pain • severe torsion may require surgical correction with osteotomy |
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What is physiological out-toeing?
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a rotation problem that spontaneously resolves when children learn to walk
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Newborns initally present with bow legs (varus), knees become straight by 18 months, and gradually drift into knock knees (valgus). At what age is their knock knee deformity at its maximum?
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3-4 years
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What is pes planus?
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• aka flat feet
• most common type is the hyper-mobile or flexible flat foot |
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A flat foot associated with a tight heel cord may be caused what disorders?
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• muscular dystrophy
• cerebral palsy |
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What is the primary method of treating developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) during infancy?
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Pavlik harness
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What is Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?
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• aseptic (avascular) necrosis of the femoral head
• unknown etiology • occurs in children between the ages of 4-10 years • can cause a painful or painless limp |
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What is the position of the hip in patients with SCFE?
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• hip held in abduction and external rotation
• patients have limited internal rotation |
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What is the most common hip disorder in adolescents?
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slipped capital femoral epiphysis
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What is slipped capital femoral epiphysis?
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• a fracture of the proximal femoral growth plate
• occurs during maximal pubertal growth spurt • can present with a limp and pain localized to the knee or groin |
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What 2 distinct body types are susceptible to SCFE?
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• obese
• very tall |
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What is Osgood-Schlatter disease?
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• traction apophysitis of the tibial tubercle
• caused by repetitive trauma that causes partial avulsion of the patella tendon at its insertion on the tibia • present with swelling and tenderness over the tibial tubercle |
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What is syndactyly?
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fusion of the fingers
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What is polydactyly?
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extra fingers
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What is Nursemaid's elbow?
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subluxation of the radial head from the annular ligament
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How do you reduce a nursemaid's elbow?
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• apply pressure at the radial head
• grasp wrist and apply slight traction • supinate the wrist while flexing elbow to 90 degrees |
