Ornithology

Front 1

Typically not a limiting factor because... goes after the weak, sick, young

Back 1

Predation

Front 2

external parasites

Back 2

botflies, ticks, mites, blowflies

Can suck the blood of nestlings to death

Front 3

Mosquitos in hawaii

Back 3

passeriformes had decreased dramatically due to malaria--- lowland birds suffered more than those in higher alitudes

Front 4

Birds are a reservoir for...

What are some competent spp

What does higher diversity create...

Back 4

West nile virus

crow, cardinal, Jay, house finch, house sparrow

dilution of competence

Front 5

House finch conjunctivitis

Back 5

kills birds within 2-4 weeks

can be passed via bird feeder

Front 6

Two strains of Avian influenza

Back 6

Older:H5N1
Newer: H7N9

Front 7

Avain Influenza

Back 7

Epizootic infections that can be transmitted from one organism to the next

Front 8

parasites tend to be highly pathogenic in when in...

Back 8

domesticated species and not in wild

Front 9

population regulation

Back 9

when rates of birth, reproductive success, and death rates vary with population density

If you have a smaller population there is virtually no intraspecific competition: but as populations increase the growth rates decrease due to increased interspecific competition.

Front 10

3 stages of area occupation

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the birds that arrive first will acquire the primary habitat, those that arrive second are forced to colonize in the secondary habitat, and the floaters are unable to establish in any habitat because they arrive later than all of the others.

Front 11

Black throated blue warbler...as density increases...

When density was reduced...

Back 11

there is a decrease in the number of fledged young

population increased

Front 12

Prairie pot hole region... water fowl

Back 12

populations were in decline due to human developement ... shows the importance of LTERs because this would not be found with out and LTER

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Breeding Bird Survey

Back 13

can tell us where in the breeding grounds the populations are increasing or decreasing

Most commonly:
golden-winged warbler
serulian warbler

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Most species are...

Back 14

rare
use a rare resource
Specialize

Front 15

Few species are ...

Back 15

common
use abundant resources
generalize

Front 16

Species area relationship

Back 16

species will increase with area to a certain point

Front 17

in equilibrium theory of island biogeography

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extinction rate will increase as the the number of species increases ( density dependance)

immigration rates will decrease as the number of species increases

Front 18

immigration rate is high for...

Extinction rate is high for...

Back 18

closer islands

smaller islands (less resources, more competitive exclusion?)

Front 19

proventriculus

Back 19

glandular stomach were chemical digestion occurs before the gizzard masticates the food

Front 20

polyandry

Back 20

Sex role reversal

Front 21

thecodont evolution...archeopteryx temporal paradox

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birds evolved from arborial rathe than crusorial roots...the therapods could have evolved into birds because the archeopteryx was the link and arose before the therapods

Front 22

higher surface area to volume area loses more heat...

low surface area to volume ratio loses less heat...

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smaller birds

large birds

Front 23

air pathway of the lungs

Back 23

posterior air sac-> lungs-> anterior air sac-> out of body

Front 24

parabronchi

Back 24

analogous to our alveoli

Front 25

part of the feather the veins are attached to

Back 25

rachis

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end of feather

Back 26

calamus

Front 27

retrices are attached to...

Back 27

pygostyle

Front 28

primary feathers are used for...

Back 28

thrust or flight

Front 29

secondary feathers are used for...

Back 29

provide lift

Front 30

powder down feathers

Back 30

used for water proofing

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contour feathers

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thermoregulation

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structural color

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blues and whites...iridescence

crystalline structure provides iridescence

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Alula

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feather that can be used for slowing down and can help reduce turbulence

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Pigments

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carotenoids- resultant from the diet of the bird and can indicate quality of the bird...Red orange and yellow

melanins- high melanin makes darker colors these have higher structural integrity and are synthesized by the bird

Front 35

SLOSS

Back 35

Single large or several small what is better will depend on the species...better to focus on conversving the habitat instead of a species.

Front 36

species richness increases with...

Back 36

moisture and elevation

Front 37

any diversity in foliage will result in...

Back 37

increase in diversity of birds:
Patchiness
altitude
foliage hight diversity (stratification)

Front 38

Topographic heterogeneity

Back 38

as the elevation changes climate and elevation change; supporting many different species

Front 39

Species diversity as a function of succession

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bird diversity will increase as succession increases

grassland ------> forest results in an increase of diversity

Front 40

As latitudes increase there will be...

Back 40

less bird diversity

Front 41

Competitive exclusion principle

Back 41

when a competitive species excludes a species that is not as good a competitor.

If niches do not overlap completely the weaker competitor will use the non-overlapping resouces

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burrowing birds

Back 42

burrowing owls and kingfischers

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scrape nesting

Back 43

shore birds, kill deer

Front 44

nest building adaptation is mostly to...

Back 44

avoid predation

Front 45

nest predators

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bluejays
crows
red bellied woodpecker
cooper's hawk
shakes
small mammals

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avoiding predation...

Back 46

camouflage, being inaccessible, being near large animals and insects, direct aggression, distraction displays to deter predators

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fecal sacs

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gelatinous blobs of waste, keeps nest sanitary

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synchronous vs asynchronous incubation

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synchronous: lays one egg per day for 5 days and incubates after all are laid

asynchronous: incubation starts after the first egg is laid

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hatching

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hatching muscles and egg tooth allow hatchlings to break out of their shell

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Adult mass percentage

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altricial young achieve adult mass percent earlier in age than precocial young

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obligate siblicide

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there is always an egg that is eaten by siblings

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longlived species...

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value there own survival over there young

Front 53

innate responses to certain objects and coloration

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herring gulls innately peck a the red dot to encourage regurgitation

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Aposemetic coloration--

Back 54

predator recognition