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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Skeletal design |
Axial Skeleton and girdle= rigid for flight
Pneumatic bone= hollow for air spaces Wing= humerus, radius, ulna, modified "hand elements" Alula= part of modified hand elements, help fine tune flight ancestral characteristic of archosaurs |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Skeletal design Axial skeleton and girdles |
rigid for flight
large sternum w/ keel= muscle attachment furculum= fused clavicles Synsacrum= 10-2 fused lumbar vertebrae |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Musculature |
Breast muscles: 10-20% pf body mass
Both adductors & abductors: from keel to humerus Feather adjustment muscles: through out skin |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Musculature Both adductors & abductors |
from keel to humerus
Pectoralis major: external on breast & inserts ventrally Supracoracoideus: deep & over pully to insert dorsally Foramen triosseum: throughout skin |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Feather Design |
calamus: tubular base in skin
rachis: tapered external skin vanes: extensions off ranchis barbs with interlocking barbules |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Feather Design Major Types |
Contour, downs & semiplumes, bristles & filoplumes
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Feather Design Major Types Contour |
smooth exterior feathers & flight surfaces
primaries: feathers arising from hand bone area secondaries: feathers arising from arm portion |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Feather Design Major Types downs & semiplumes |
fluffly barbs and barbules
insulation, filler, ect |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Feather Design Major Types bristles & filoplumes |
ranchis with few or no barbs
bristles: for feeding sensory filoplumes: dectects where other feathers are on body sensory, protective, feeding, ect. |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Lift |
mostly proximal section of wings
cambered airfoil stalling |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Lift cambered airfoil |
cross-sectional design providing lift
lift impacted by: angle of attack & degree of camber |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Lift stalling |
loss of lift due to turbulence, ect.
low speeds: stalling at lesser angles of attack Alula and slotted primaries: extend angle before stalling |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Thrust |
mostly distal section of wings
power stroke recovery stroke |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Thrust power stroke |
down/foreward movement
each primary: downward angled airfoil = thrust |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Thrust recovery stroke |
up/back movement: often some thrust
moves wingtip through an oval or figure 8 primaries flex in opposite direction (upward airfoil) |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Wing design and Performance |
dynamic soaring, elliptical, high thrust, high lift, hovering
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Wing design and Performance Dynamic soaring |
actually high aspect ratio
requires strong persistent winds (ex. roaring forties) ex. albatrosses & shearwaters |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Wing design and Performance Elliptical |
low aspect ratio and high camber
extensive slotting of wings tips slow, but very maneuverable flight (forests) ex. parrots & grouse |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Wing design and Performance High aspect ratio |
often with little camber
high speed aerial foragers (ex. swallow) also birds w/ long migration |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Wing design and Performance High lift (static soaring) |
intermediate aspect w/ high camber
wing tips extensively slotted ex. eagles, vultures, strokes |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Flight mechanics Wing design and Performance Hovering |
accomplished with various wing designs
body vertical with powerful forward strokes (ex. kingfishers) sculling motion of wings (hummingbirds) |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Locomotion on land or in water Leg structure |
Tibiotarsus: fused tibia and fibula
Tarsus: modified tarsal Toe design: ansiodactylous, zygodactylus, cursorial, aquatic |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Locomotion on land or in water Toe design ansiodactylous |
four toes: one rear three forward
ex. perching birds: passerines & raptors |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Locomotion on land or in water Toe design zygodactylus |
four toes: two rear, two front
ex. parrots & woodpeckers |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Locomotion on land or in water Toe design cursorial |
2 or 3 toes facing forward only
ex. ostrich & rheas |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Locomotion on land or in water Toe design aquatic |
webbed feet, lobed toe pads, or elongated toes
ex. ducks, grebes, & herons respectively |
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Locomotion on land or in water moving on land or in water |
walking & jumping, hopping & perching, swimming
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Locomotion on land or in water moving on land or in water walking & jumping |
ancestral/primitive condition
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Flight
Body and Wing Construction Locomotion on land or in water moving on land or in water hopping & perching |
derived condition
aided by tendons that run past two joints leg flexing: tendons store energy & tow clamps |
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Flight
locomotion on land or in water moving on land or in water swimming |
derived and convergent
foot propulsion: waterfowl, grebes, cormorants wing propulsion: penguins & auks |
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Features of birds: respiration and feeding
respiratory system |
parabronchial lung: unidirectional version of faviform
airsacs: used to hold and transport air respiration aided by muscle contraction during flight |
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Features of birds: respiration and feeding
respiratory system inspiration/expansion phase |
high O2 air: drawn from bronchi into posterior sacs
low O2 air: drawn from lungs into anterior air sacs |
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Features of birds: respiration and feeding
respiratory system expiration/compression phase |
high O2 air: force air from posterior sacs through lungs
low O2 air: forced from anterior sacs out through bronchi, ect. |
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Features of birds: feeding & digestion
Senses |
excellent color vision: large eyes shaped to fit small skulls
very good hearing: especially nocturnal species, asymmetric skulls, ruffs of owls olfaction well developed in a few species (vultures, albatrosses) |
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Features of birds: feeding & digestion
beaks |
cranial kinesis: lifting of upper jaw and widening of gape
extensive specialization of beaks hooked beaks & talons: raptors asymmetric beaks: crossbills flattened bills: flamingos & spoonbills drilling beak &long tongues: woodpeckers |
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Features of birds: feeding & digestion
digestion |
crop: hold food prior to digestion
stomach divided into 2 sections Proventriculus: acid containing chamber Gizzard: mechanical breakdown Gastroliths: stones swallowed to grind food Paired ceca: used in some hindgut fermentation |
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Features of birds: Sociality & Reproduction
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100% oviparous
extensive & complex sociality: primarily visual & auditory cues |
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Features of birds: Sociality & Reproduction
Visual cues |
sexual dimorphism: is very common, plumage & beak size
male display & female choice common: more than male combat, bower birds, leaking behavior of prairie chicken |
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Features of birds: Sociality & Reproduction
Vocalization songs |
songs: songs more complex then calls, often with learned components, song control regions (SCRs) of brain: male song production & female recognition
local dialects: common in many species |
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Features of birds: Sociality & Reproduction
Vocalization Other |
syrinx: unique song production organ, 2 halves can produce 2 vocalizations at one time
non-vocal sounds are also common: wing drumming of grouse, knocking of woodpeckers |
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Features of birds: Sociality & Reproduction
Mating systems and parental care Monogamy |
majority of birds: 90%
why? likely linked to biparental care of offspring |
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Features of birds: Sociality & Reproduction
Mating systems and parental care Polygamy polygyny |
males mate with multiple females in a season
females usually rear offspring may involve male resource or dominance |
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Features of birds: Sociality & Reproduction
Mating systems and parental care Parental care |
nests: range from ground/branch to elaborate, megapods: ancestral, weaver birds: derived
altricial chicks: hatch blind, featherless, unable to stand precocial chicks: open eyes, feathers, can stand/walk |
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Features of birds: Sociality & Reproduction
Mating systems and parental care Polygamy polyandry |
females mate with multiple females in a season
males rear offspring (spotted sandpipers) females cost per clutch: low, high clutch mortality |
