Organization Programming Languages

Front 1

turing complete

Back 1

sequencing - ordering of instructions<br />selection - alternative pathways<br />iteration - repeat instructions

Front 2

control structures

Back 2

sequencing<br />loops<br />selectors<br />sub programs

Front 3

data structures

Back 3

simple data<br />structured data<br />types of data ( user defined, built-in )<br />mathematical abstractions

Front 4

bindings

Back 4

association of information with different linguistic entities ( e.g. variables, functions )

Front 5

name 4 types of bindings

Back 5

value binding<br />name binding<br />location binding<br />code body binding

Front 6

What defines a programming paradigm?

Back 6

approach - way to think about problem domain<br />model - way to model ( or describe ) a problem

Front 7

Name 4 programming paradigms

Back 7

imperative paradigm ( Java )<br />object paradigm ( Java )<br />functional paradigm ( Mathematica )<br />logic paradigm ( Prolog )

Front 8

What does an abstraction do?

Back 8

emphasizes what is important<br />hides what is not important<br />provides a handle with whith to refer to a complexity

Front 9

"business data processing language"

Back 9

COBOL

Front 10

early languages used for scientific and numerical computation

Back 10

Fortran &amp; Algol

Front 11

syntactic rules

Back 11

define how legal sentences may be formed

Front 12

When do bindings occur?

Back 12

compile time<br />load time<br />run time<br />

Front 13

When do location bindings occur?

Back 13

load time<br>run time

Front 14

When do name bindings occur?

Back 14

compile time

Front 15

When do type bindings occur?

Back 15

compile time ( for compiled languages )<br>run time ( for interpreters )

Front 16

When do value bindings occur?

Back 16

compile time<br />run time

Front 17

Name 4 information bindings

Back 17

Location<br />Name<br />Value<br />Type

Front 18

What are 2 essential attributes of a type?

Back 18

1) a set of values that belong to the type<br />2) a set of operators/functions/procedures that can be meaningfully applied to value/members of the type

Front 19

Name 4 types of operators

Back 19

unary - e.g. floor(double)<br />binary - +, -, *, /<br />functions - extend the operator set for a given type and can have unlimited number of opperands/arguments<br />assignment - x = 3;

Front 20

What are the advantages &amp; disadvantages of early binding times ( strongly typed languages )?

Back 20

Advantages<br />* program execution speed<br />* compiler assists in finding errors<br /><br />Disadvantage<br />* less flexible<br />

Front 21

What are the advantages &amp; disadvantages of late binding times ( dynamically typed languages )?

Back 21

Advantages<br />* flexible programs<br /><br />Disadvantages<br />* cost time &amp; space<br />

Front 22

What is type checking?

Back 22

The process of determining types of data objects. Helps detect errors.

Front 23

What are two types of type checking?

Back 23

static - compile time checks<br>dynamic - runtime checks

Front 24

What are 2 ways type conversion is performed

Back 24

implicit ( coercion ) - automatic conversion of an operand in order to make it compatible in an operation with another operand.<br /><br />explicit - programmer must explicitly carry out type conversion

Front 25

What are three types of equivalence?

Back 25

structural equivalence ( least restrictive ) - equivalent if structural descriptions match<br /><br />name equivalence - equivalent if data type names match<br /><br />declaration equivalence ( most restrictive ) - equivalent only if both are holding the same data

Front 26

What is the lifetime of a variable?

Back 26

The period of time during the execution of a program that memory is allocated to the variable.

Front 27

What are some advantages of subprograms?

Back 27

* program units are simpler<br />* can be some what independent<br />* are reusable<br />* support modularity<br />* reduce program size

Front 28

What are 2 types of subprograms?

Back 28

procedures - extends set of statements in a language, produces side-effects, and doesn't return a value.<br /><br />functions - extends set of operators in a language, no side-effects, and returns a value.

Front 29

What are the 3 modes of parameter use?

Back 29

In mode (call by value) - passing data into a subprogram<br />Out mode (call by result) - passing data out of a subprogram<br />In Out (call by value-result, call by reference) - data passed in both directions

Front 30

What are 4 things an activation record contains?

Back 30

* parameters<br />* local variables<br />* return address<br />* dynamic link