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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does it mean for the partial pressure when gases change form/fuse to other objects? |
When a gas combines chemically with another molecule, that gas does not contribute to the partial pressure, because it alone "doesn't exist anymore" A good example of this is when oxygen binds to hemoglobin, although it is still oxygen, it doesn't exist as the gas Oxygen, so it doesn't contribute to Oxygen's partial pressure. |
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Describe a heme structure. What's a myoglobin? |
Heme is a porphyrin ring with an iron atom right in the middle. Myoglobin is a monomeric protein with a single heme molecule. |
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Hemocyanin is...
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HemoCYANIN is a blue, copper containing, non porphyrin protein that has tons of O2 sites. They aren't bound in the organism anywhere and are found in gross ocean stuff usually. |
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Chlorocruorins are... |
Very close to the porphyrin rings but the big difference is it glows green. |
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Hemerythins are... |
Non-porphyrin, iron containing molecules that occur intracellularly in muscle and blood cells. ( usually found in worms) |
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Hemoglobin is? What's interesting about the oxygen binding affinity in hemoglobin?
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A tetraglobin. It is formed of 4 heme-globin subunits. It's made up of 2 alpha-subunits and 2 beta-subunits. When one heme-globin subunit binds to oxygen, it amps up the affinity for the rest of the subunits, making them more able to hook up with oxygen. (By the time 3 are occupied, the fourth subunit is 300x better at finding an oxygen mate to bind to the Fe) |
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What's the function that describes the oxygen dissociation curve? What's it's name? Draw it. |
Sigmoid curve. Looks like an S. This is because as more subunits become oxygenated, the more powerful the neighbouring affinities become. |
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Explain what goes on in the oxygen dissociation curve in terms of partial pressure of O2 versus O2 concentration of blood. |
So when there's a super high PO2 in the blood, the hemoglobin are mostly all saturated (plateau phase on the far right). When we expel oxygen, the changes barely have us lose any oxygen. During exercise, however, we find that when the PO2 in the blood is lowered, smaller activities cause a bigger drop in PO2. |
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P50 is... |
The amount of PO2 needed to reach 50% saturation. The higher the PO2 the more need for oxygen in the system to fill those hemoglobins. |
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What kinds of species have low P50's? What does a low P50 mean again? |
Usually like nasty ass worms (or like things that live underground) have really low P50's. This is because they want to be able to get a 50% saturation with a really low amount of oxygen because they evolved that way. (Also typically things that live underwater will be somewhere in the middle, while things that live in the ground will have the highest P50 (need the most oxygen) |
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Define hematocrit. What is an appropriate hematocrit value? How would I find my personal hematocrit? |
Blood is made up of plasma, which is like clear fluid syrup and red blood cells, which contain all the good stuff like hemoglobin and that. Hematocrit is the percentage of blood that is made up of red blood cells. A typical hematocrit value is between 40-50%. Nothing over 55% works because that's too clogged up. You find your hematocrit by taking a sample of blood and centrifuging it. |
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How does hematocrit affect the Oxygen Dissociation Curve? |
So the oxygen dissociation curve is kinda a cross between the Partial pressure of O2 (PO2) and also the hematocrit of the individual organism. (Organisms with a higher hematocrit can carry more oxygen) |
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Define the Bohr Shift. |
The Bohr Shift shows that ACIDITY and P50 share a PROPORTIONAL relationship Hemoglobin have a Nitrogen at the end that can bind to hydrogen. The other side of the story is that CO2 and P50 scale PROPORTIONALLY as well.
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When is the Bohr Shift prevalent in MY day to day life? |
When I work out! Acidity rises from anaerobic exercise, as well as CO2 in the body. |
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What is the second factor that affects P50? |
Temperature. Again, we see a proportional relationship with temperature and P50. This is ANOTHER way of coping with exercise! |
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Organophosphate modulators |
Organophosphate modulators are organic phosphates in blood cells that bind to hemoglobin and REDUCE O2 affinity. (Right shift the curve) (Exclusive to Vertabrates) |
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Fetal hemoglobin is... |
Has a MUCH higher O2 binding affinity than in adults! A factor for this is that adults have more organophosphate modulators! This is why you put on your oxygen mask before your kids! |
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Fetal globin is x-globin? |
Fetal globin is Gamma globin, as opposed to the beta globin that most of us have. |
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If you live in a high altitude, your P50 is most likely ______? |
Really low! You'd have a really good oxygen binding affinity. |
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If you have a smaller body, you probably have a _______ P50? |
Smaller organisms tend to have higher P50's. |
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Daphnia are good examples of acclimation because... |
After a few days in an anoxic environment, they start to have their P50's drop heavily, as well as the hemoglobin concentration in the blood rise. This actually turns their transparent insides red! |
