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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name for a group of cells with a similar structure and function? |
Tissue |
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What is the name for a group of tissues working together for a specific function?, |
Organ |
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What is the name for a group of organs that work together for a similar function? |
Organ system |
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How big are carbohydrates, proteins and lipids? |
Large |
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What process breaks large food molecules down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed? |
Digestion |
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Which enzyme in the salivary gland by the mouth breaks down starch during chewing? |
Salivary amylase |
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What does food pass down to go from the mouth to the stomach? |
The oesophagus |
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What is broken down in the stomach? |
Protein |
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What acid is contained in the stomach to aid the digestion of proteins? |
Hydrochloric Acid |
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How does the stomach turn food into a fluid to increase surface area? |
By churning |
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Which organ releases enzymes to continue the digestion of starch, protein and lipids into the small intestine? |
The pancreas
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What alkaline substance does the liver release to emulsify lipids and neutralise the acid from the stomach? |
Bile |
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Are small food molecules absorbed into the blood stream in the small intestine by diffusion or by active transport? |
Both |
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Where on an enzyme does the substrate attach? |
The active site |
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What are enzymes made of? |
Proteins |
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The lock and key theory states that enzymes are what?
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Specific |
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Protease breaks proteins down into what?
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Amino acids |
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Where, other than the saliva, is amylase for starch found? |
Pancreatic fluid |
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Lipid molecules consist of three fatty acid molecules attached to what? |
A glycerol molecule
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Where is bile stored? |
The gall bladder |
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What happens to enzymes when the pH or temperature exceeds the optimum? |
They denature |
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What turns blue-black with the presence of starch? |
Iodine |
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What do buffer solutions control?
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pH |
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How long do we leave the test tubes in a 30 degree water bath for to correct their temperatures in the pH amylase experiment? |
10 minutes |
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In what intervals do we put samples of the amylase-starch solution into the iodine wells until they turn orange? |
30 seconds |
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What is the independent variable in the pH amylase experiment? |
The pH of the buffer |
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What do we use to grind food samples with water to turn them into a paste? |
A mortar and pestle |
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After stirring the paste in distilled water in a beaker to dissolve the chemicals, what do we do to the solution? |
Filter it |
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After 5 minutes in a boiling water bath, what solution turns brick-red with a great amount of sugar present? |
Benedict's solution |
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What solution turns to a purple or lilac |
Biuret solution |
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What compound can be mixed and shaked with a solution containing lipids to form a cloudy emulsion? |
Ethanol |
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What property does the human small intestine have to maximise absorption of food molecules?
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A very large surface area |
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What does the small intestine have millions of to increase surface area? |
Villi |
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What do villi have to even further increase surface area? |
Microvilli |
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The villi have a very great supply of what to increase absorption of nutrients by increasing the concentration gradient? |
Blood |
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What do villi have to create a short path for diffusion? |
Thin membranes |
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If food cannot be absorbed by diffusion, by what process is it absorbed? |
Active transport |
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How is the human circulatory system described due to blood passing through the heart twice?
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Double |
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What blood vessel brings deoxygenated blood into the heart? |
The vena cava |
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What blood vessel brings oxygenated blood out of the heart? |
The aorta |
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Which chambers pump blood into the ventricles? |
The atria |
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Which chambers pump blood out of the heart? |
The ventricles |
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What is the name for the artery and vein that carry blood to and from the lungs? |
The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. |
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What prevents backflow of blood in the vessels and heart? |
Valves |
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Which side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall? |
The left |
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Where is the natural pacemaker located? |
The right atrium |
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Which blood vessel has thick muscular walls with stretching and recoiling fibres to withstand sudden surges of pressure from the blood? |
Arteries |
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How thick are capillaries? |
One cell thick |
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Which blood vessel has thin walls and valves? |
Veins |
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What is the name for the liquid part of the blood that transports digestion products, carbon dioxide and urea through the body? |
Plasma |
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What is the name for the dead cells that allow the process of blood clotting? |
Platelets |
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What shape do red blood cells have to increase surface area? |
Biconcave discs |
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How do we reduce the risk of infection by blood donation? |
Screening |
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Non-communicable diseases of the heart and lungs are classed as what? |
Cardiovascular |
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Which blood vessels are responsible for providing oxygen to the heart's muscles? |
The coronary arteries |
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What is built up in the coronary arteries of those with CHD? |
Fatty substances |
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What is the name of drugs that reduces the level of cholesterol in the blood? |
Statins |
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What type of tube can be used to keep coronary arteries open for blood to move through them?
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Stents |
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What do mechanical valves increase the risk of? |
Bloodclots |
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What prevent the trachea from collapsing during inhalation? |
Rings of cartilage |
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What is the name of the two smaller tubes that air passes into from the trachea? |
Bronchi |
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What is the name of the many smaller tubes that air passes into from the bronchi? |
Bronchioles |
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What is the name of the tiny air sacs that air diffuses into and out of during breathing? |
Alveoli |
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What can be produced by uncontrolled growth and mitosis due to genes being changed? |
Tumours |
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What type of tumour is typically contained within a membrane without moving? |
Benign |
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What type of tumour tends to spread throughout the body? |
Malignant |
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What are tumours created from an original malignant tumour called? |
Secondary tumours |
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Breast, prostate, and large intestine cancers are all linked to what? |
Genetics |
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Mouth and throat cancers are linked to what? |
Alcohol |
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What does radon release that damages the DNA in our cells? |
Ionising radiation |
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HPV can cause which kind of cancer? |
Cervical |
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What is the name for the study of risk factors and patterns linked to diseases? |
Epidemiology |
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What is the name for a substance that damages DNA? |
Carcinogens |
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Excessive alcohol consumption can cause what of the liver? |
Cirrhosis |
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What is the name of the tissues on the top and bottom of a leaf? |
Epidermal tissue |
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What is the name of the thin layer of oil on the surface of a leaf that reduces the evaporation of water from it? |
The waxy cuticle |
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What are the tiny pores that gases can enter or exit the leaf called? |
Stomata |
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What is the name of the cells that open and close the stomata? |
Guard cells |
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What do the air spaces in spongy mesophyll allow in the leaf? |
Diffusion of carbon dioxide |
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What is magnesium, obtained from the xylem, used to produce? |
Chlorophyll |
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What is the name for the movement of sugars and other molecules through a plant? |
Translocation |
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What tissue in a plant contains stem cells? |
Meristem tissue |
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What is the name for the process in which water repeatedly evaporates out of a plant's leaves? |
Transpiration |
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What is the name for the process of water repeatedly evaporating out of a plant and being replaced? |
The Transpiration Stream |
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How does transpiration affect the temperature of a plant? |
It cools it down |
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Is the rate of transpiration greater at higher or lower temperatures? |
Higher |
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Is the rate of transpiration greater at dryer or more humid conditions? |
Dryer |
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Does the rate of transpiration increase in windier conditions? |
Yes |
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Is the rate of transpiration greater at greater or lesser light intensities? |
Greater |
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How do guard cells open and close the stomata? |
By swelling |
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Where does water, containing oxygen, enter the fish? |
The mouth |
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What does water leave the fish through after oxygen is absorbed from it? |
The operculum |
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What two muscles are important in breathing? |
The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm |
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Where do gases pass in and out of the blood in a fish? |
The fine filaments |
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Where are fine filaments found in a fish? |
The gills |
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What do the filaments provide to the gills? |
A massive surface area |
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To provide a short diffusion pathway, what do filaments have? |
Thin membranes |
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The efficient blood supply of the filaments increases what? |
The concentration gradient |
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What range of percentages of oxygen are extracted from the water in the gills? |
70 to 80% |
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What is the concentration of oxygen in the air compared to water? |
21x more |
