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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Alkane to chloroalkane |
Reagents: Cl2 Conditions: UV light Mechanisms: free radical substitution |
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Alkene to polyalkene |
Conditions: low T. high P. Type of reaction: addition polymerisation |
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Alkene to Bromoalkane |
Conditions: room T. Mechanism: electrophilic Addition |
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Alkene to alkylhydrogensulpate |
Reagents: concentrated sulphuric acid Conditions: cold Mechanism: electrophilic addition |
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Alkylhydrogensulpate to alcohol |
Reagents: water Conditions. Warm Réaction type. Hydrolysis |
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Alkene to alcohol |
Reagents. Steam Conditions. 300c 60atm H3PO4 catalyst Réaction type. Hydratation |
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Haloalkane to alcohol |
Reagents. NaoH (aq) or KOH(aq) Conditions. Heat under reflux Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution |
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Haloalkane to nitrile |
Reagent. KCN in aqueous ethanol. Conditions. Boil under reflux Mechanism. nucleophilic substitution |
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Haloalkane to amine |
Reagents: Ammonia in ethanol (Alcoholic NH3) Condition: heat in a sealed tube(under pressure) Mechanism. nucleophilic substitution |
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Haloalkane to alkene |
Reagents. KOH in ethanol Conditions. Heat Mechanism. Elimination |
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Primary Alcohol to aldehyde |
Reagent. Potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid as catalyst Conditions. Warm distillation Réaction type. Partial oxidation |
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Secondary Alcohol to ketone |
Reagents. Potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid as catalyst Conditions. Heat With distillations Réaction type. Oxidation |
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Aldehyde to carboxylic acid |
R. Excess potassium dichromate C. Heat under reflux Rt. Oxidation |
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Alcohol to alkene |
R. Conc H2SO4 C. Heat Rt. Dehydration M. Elimination (acid catalysed) |
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Reduction of Aldehydes and ketones |
R. NaBH4 In aqueous solution Rt. Reduction M. Nucleophilic addition |
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Aldehyde or ketone to hydroxynitirile |
R. KCN followed by dilute acid (HCl) |
Not HCN because it’s toxic |
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Test for COOH |
R. Na2CO3 OBS. CO2 is produced so effervescence of CO2 |
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COOH+ NaOH |
Pd. Sodium methanoate |
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COOH+NH3 |
Pd. Ammonium methanoate |
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COOH+ métal (Ca, etc) |
Pd. Metal salt + H2 OBS. effervescence of H2 |
COOH = carboxylic acid |
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(Ester formation, estérification) |
R. Alcohol+COOH+concH2SO4(acid cat) C. Heat with reflux RT. condensation ( molecules combine and H2O is released) |
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Hydrolysis of esters |
R. H2O+dilute-H2SO4 P. COOH+alcohol C. Heat with reflux |
Acid hydrolysis |
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Hydrolysis of esters |
R. dilute-NAOH C. heat with reflux P. CONa + alcohol Add dilute HCL after to get COOH back |
Base hydrolysis |
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Acly Chloride |
Back (Definition) |
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Acid Anhydride |
Back (Definition) |
Formed by a condensation reaction between two carboxylic acid molecules |
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Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid |
R. H2O C. Room temp M. Nuc-add-el Obs. white steamy fumes of HCl |
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Acid Anhydride to carboxylic acid |
R. H2O C. Room temp M. Nuc-add-el OBS. colourless sol. Slower than aclychloride |
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Acyl chloride to ester |
R. Alcohol C. Room temp M. Nuc-add-el OBS. white steamy fumes of HCL |
Better for making esters than using carboxylic acids as this is faster and not reversible. |
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Acid Anhydride to ester |
R. Alcohol C. Room temp M. Nuc-add-el OBS. colourless solutions |
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Acyl chloride to primary Amide |
R. NH3 C. Room temp M. Nuc-add-el OBS. white smoke (from NH4Cl and HCl) |
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Acid Anhydride to primary Amide |
R. NH3 C. Room temp M. Nuc-Add-El OBS. salt formed |
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Acyl chloride to secondary Amide |
R. Primary Amine C. Room temp M. Nuc-Add-El OBS. white smoke due to steamy fumes of HCl +salt |
Alkyl Ammonium chloride salt formed |
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Nitration of benzene |
R. Conc HNO3+ conc H2SO4catalyst forms No2+ C. At 50c to prevent further substitution |
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Friedel Crafts Acylation |
R. Acyl chloride AlCl3catalyst C. 50c heat with reflux P. Alkylketone |
R-COCl + AlCl3 -> AlCl4- + R-CO+(the electrophile) |
